The Reformation Continues PDF

The Reformation Continues Why did the Protestant Reformation evolve from reform into revolutionary change? Martin Luther’s Reforms created... New Interpretations of the Holy Bible - In Switzerland; Huldrych Zwingli (1520) - Calls for reform, go back to early Christianity and control over the church,...

The Reformation Continues Why did the Protestant Reformation evolve from reform into revolutionary change? Martin Luther’s Reforms created... New Interpretations of the Holy Bible - In Switzerland; Huldrych Zwingli (1520) - Calls for reform, go back to early Christianity and control over the church, BUT wars break out. - John Calvin 1536 (Calvinism) - Institutes of Christian Religion - Predestination; only a few (The Elect) have been chosen by God to be ‘saved’ or damned Theocracy, according to the Calvinists, is the best government - John Calvin was asked to govern Geneva - He used strict religious rules, and violators were burned at the stake - Some protestants viewed it as a model city - John Knox from Scotland - In 1559, he brings ideas to Scotland, adopts ideals in churches - A group of laymen elders called presbyters - Presbyterianism becomes the official religion in Scotland in 1560s The Nobles get rid of Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) - Other sects soften rules of Calvinism - In France… Huguenots - Violence erupts between both religions - St. Bartholomew Massacre, 12,000 murdered Huguenots Anabaptist (baptize again) - Church and state separate, wouldn’t fight in wars, shared possessions - Baptize when you’re an adult - Persecuted by both, a threat to society - They became Mennonites, Amish, quakers and Baptists Katherina Zella married to Matthew Zella - She scolded her husband when accused of ‘disturbing the peace’ by her -Katherina Zella wrote, “... I have never mounted the pulpit, but I have done more than any minister in visiting those in misery.” Catholic Counter-reformation (Ignatius of Loyola, Popes Paul III and Paul IV - To make reforms within the Church itself - Ignatius of Loyola, Spain - In 1522, after recovering from battle wounds writes Spiritual Exercises, meditation, prayer, and study In 1540, Society of Jesus, Jesuits with 3 goals 1. Founded schools (classical studies and theology) 2. Convert people to Catholicism 3. Stop Spread of Protestantism Pope Paul III, investigated selling of indulgences, approved Jesuits order, used inquisition in Papal territory, He called for the Council of Trent (1545-63) - Church interpretations were final, need faith and good works for salvation, Bible and church traditions had equal authority, selling of indulgences was banned Pope Paul IV, carried out the edicts of the council - 1559, the Pope had officials around Europe burn books that criticized the Catholic Church, Religious and Social Effects - Protestantism flourished - Education was promoted by both religions - Parish schools, religious universities were founded - Women’s role in society unfortunately changed little, in some quarters it became worse - Religious fundamentalism Political Effects - Brutal religious wars and persecution on both sides - Church’s role in countries diminished - Growth of the modern-day nation states and absolutism - People also questioned authority of religilous and political leaders