Construction Site Safety and Hazards PDF

 Contents Definition of hazard, risk and danger On site activities On site equipment Hazard on site Hazard in workplace Hazard identification, assessment and control  Lesson Outcomes At the end of this class students should be able: To iden...

 Contents Definition of hazard, risk and danger On site activities On site equipment Hazard on site Hazard in workplace Hazard identification, assessment and control  Lesson Outcomes At the end of this class students should be able: To identify and control the hazards associated with activities in construction project. To determine the safe work procedure  HAZARDS Defined as: Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects or something under certain conditions at work. Example: Workplace hazard Example of hazard Example of harm/caused Source of energy Electricity Shock, electrocution  RISK Defined as: The chance or probability of harm actually being done Example: The smoker has a potential to get cancer or lung infection  DANGER Is relative exposure to a hazard. A hazard may be present but there may be little danger because control measures taken. Example: Electrical hazard is danger to the people who is directly attach with it. But it can be prevent if safety measures is taken like switch off the main source of electricity.  DEFINITION AS PER REGULATIONS Building Operations by FMA 1967: Construction, structural alteration, repair or maintenance of a building (including re- pointing, re-decoration and external cleaning of the structure), the demolition of a building, and the preparation for and the laying of foundation of an intended building  ON SITE ACTIVITIES Excavation Installation of Piling wires/electric Concrete works cables and pipes Demolition Handling/ transportation of Brick laying construction Welding works materials Trenching and Excavation Piling Drilling at a Construction Site Transportation Unsafe Access/Egress Welding  ON SITE ACTIVITIES Installation and Transportation of dismantling of raw materials scaffolding Clearing and Form works cleaning works Painting works Installation and operation of machinery  MACHINERY ON SITE MACHINERY APPLICATIONS/USE Crane (Tower/Crawler) Lifting material Hoist (Skip hoist) Passenger hoist Lifting workers Gondola Bending machine Cutting and shaping piles Cutting machine Cutting metals, wood and plywood Excavator Earth excavation Piling and structure Laying columns/building structure Lorry Transport construction materials Concrete mixer Mixing and delivering cement MACHINERY/EQUIPMENTS ON SITE 12 / 57  ON SITE EQUIPMENT Hand tools and mobile power tools - hammer, sledge, drill Ladders Scaffold – fixed and mobile Air Compressor Hammer Drill Generator Set Welding equipments  Mobile Skip Hoist Hand & Power Tools Crawling Boards Equipment & Machinery Tube and Coupler AWARENESS What are the prime causes? Injuries/Fatalities Illnesses  TYPE OF HAZARDS Heat stress Mechanical hazards Noise Electrical hazards Vibration Ergonomic hazards Mineral dust Biological hazards (asbestos) Working at height Cement Lighting Radiation Drowning Chemicals HAZARD IN THE WORKPLACE 1. Physical Hazards Noise Scaffold Heat Power Access Vibration Equipment and Radiation Manual Handling Pressure Ladder Plant/Machinery Roof Work Electricity Excavation Examples of Physical hazards  2. Health Hazard a. Chemical Hazards b. Biological Hazards Gases, Vapours Legionella – Bacteria Acids, Alkali (Aircond / water supply) – Pneumonia Poisons Bloodborne Pathogens – Aerosols HIV Arsenics – Skin/lung/cancer Organic Dust / Fungi – Lead – Anaemic Athma/Dermatitis (haemoglobin) Flour & Grain Dust – Athma Silica – Cancer Rhinovirus – Common cold Solvents - Liver / Nerve Enzyme Alcalase – Asbestos – Lung cancer Laundry detergent (Allergic/Athma)  3. Psycho-social Hazards Social problems Accidents in workplace/home Fear of failure Retrenchment Motivation – lack of direction 4. Ergonomic Hazards Workplace design Layout of workstation Excessive manual handling Design of tools Repetitive movements  HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT & RISK CONTROL (HIRARC) HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Method of Identifying Hazards: Review of document and publications Inspection and observation of workplace Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the environment or medical surveillance of workers Hazard analysis (JSA, JHA) HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (Cont’d) Hazard? Scaffolding/platform/workers action Fall and falling materials Risk? The chance or probability of falling from height and falling object Control measure? Hierarchy for selecting the best way to manage the risks – Best Practice  RISK ASSESSMENT Approach: 1. Qualitative Risk Assessment 2. Quantitative Risk Assessment  RISK ASSESSMENT (Cont’d) 1. Qualitative Risk Assessment a. Determine likelihood categories o Base on statistic & data, Professional Judgment o Highly likely – could happen frequently o Likely – could happen occasionally o Unlikely – could happen, but only rarely o Highly unlikely – could happen  RISK ASSESSMENT (Cont’d) b. Determine severity categories o Injury or harm to health o Damage to property o Damage to environment o Combination of above o Example of severity categories: o Fatal o Major injuries – requiring extended time off from work to recover o Minor injuries – need several days off from work to recover o Negligible injuries – required first aid. Shift off before able to work  RISK ASSESSMENT (Cont’d) QUALITATIVE RISK TABLE LIKELIHOOD SEVERITY / CONSEQUENCES HIGHLY HIGHLY LIKELY UNLIKELY LIKELY UNLIKELY FATAL HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH MAJOR INJURY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM MINOR INJURY HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW NEGLIGIBLE INJURY MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW LOW  RISK ASSESSMENT (Cont’d) 2. Quantitative Risk Assessment a. Determine likelihood of occurrence. i.e 4 : daily 3 : weekly 2 : monthly 1 : yearly b. Determine severity categories, i.e 4 : fatality & permanent disability 3 : MC more than 4 days 2 : MC less than 4 days 1 : First aids and near miss  RISK ASSESSMENT (Cont’d) c. Determine the Risk Level o By measuring the scale of risk using the Quantitative Risk Table o Scale 8 – 16 : High rise o Scale 4-7 : Medium Risk o Scale 1-3 : Low Risk  RISK ASSESSMENT (Cont’d) QUANTITATIVE RISK TABLE LIKELIHOOD Risk Scale Action SEVERITY / Level CONSEQUENCES YEARLY MONTHLY WEEKLY DAILY Need immediate attention and action by High 8-16 top management. Detail First Aids & Near action plan required 1 2 3 4 Miss Need attention and can Medium 4-7 be manage by < 4 Days MC 2 4 6 8 responsible person Manage by follow the Low 1-3 > 4 Days MC 3 6 9 12 existing procedures Fatality & Permanent 4 8 12 16 Disability  RISK CONTROL Control Measures taken to eliminate the hazard or minimize risk to an acceptable level Hierarchy of control The order in which controls should be considered when selecting methods of controlling risk  Hierarchy of Control Most effective The best method of dealing with hazard. Elimination Once hazard has been removed the potential of harm has gone Fairly effective Involves substituting a dangerous equipment, process or substance with one that less dangerous. Substitute But there may still has a risk Fairly effective Separate or isolate a hazard from people. Isolate & Eng. The problems is hazard not been removed. Control Fairly effective Involve modification of the likelihood. Can be done by reducing number of people expose to danger. Administrative Control E.g: work rotation, training, instruction, information, supervision, safe work practice, signage Other Hazards Other Hazards  CONCLUSION Hazard is everywhere and need to identify Hazard identification should be properly documented even in the simplest of situations Risk assessment must include a careful assessment of both likelihood and severity/consequences Control measures must be a good solution to avoid hazard become danger Hierarchy of control must be effective and need to review if necessary The risk management process is on going process