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2/7/23 Stairways and Ladders IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Week 10 Dr. Majed Moosa 1 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 1 Introduction • Lesson Overview – Basic types of ladders and stairways – Stairs and ladders hazard...

2/7/23 Stairways and Ladders IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Week 10 Dr. Majed Moosa 1 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 1 Introduction • Lesson Overview – Basic types of ladders and stairways – Stairs and ladders hazards – Methods to prevent stairway and ladder hazards. – Employer requirements PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 2 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 2 1 2/7/23 Introduction • Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in constructions • Falls from ladders make up about one-third of these fatalities • Approximately 25,000 injuries per year due to falls from stairways and ladders • Falls are preventable 3 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 3 Introduction Percentage of ladder fall fatalities* and nonfatal ladder fall injuries treated in emergency departments,† by fall height (when documented) — United States, 2011 Source: CDC PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 4 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 4 2 2/7/23 Types of Ladders and Stairways • Basic types of ladders Source: OSHA Source: TEEX Harwood 5 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 5 Types of Ladders and Stairways • Basic types of ladders Source of photos: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 6 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 6 3 2/7/23 Types of Ladders and Stairways • Basic types of stairways Source of graphics: OSHA 7 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 7 Hazards Associated with Stairs and Ladders • Slips • Trips • Falls Improper use of the top rung of a step ladder Source of photos: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 8 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 8 4 2/7/23 Hazards Associated with Stairs and Ladders • Electrical Hazards • Falling Objects • Protruding objects, sharp edges, or rough spots This is an unsafe condition. Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 9 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 9 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards • Ladders – Safe practices – Ladder requirements – Structural defects Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 10 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 10 5 2/7/23 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards • Ladder-use practices – Extend side rails 3 feet above the upper landing surface – Don’t exceed load/capacity – Use only as designed – Angle ladder so the horizontal distance of bottom is ¼ the working length of the ladder Source of graphics: OSHA 11 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 11 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Pitch fixed ladders no more than 90 degrees from the horizontal – Avoid use of ladder on surfaces that are: • Unstable • Not level • Slippery – Secure ladders to prevent movement This ladder is not on a stable surface and is not properly positioned. Source of photos: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 12 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 12 6 2/7/23 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Prevent movement/displacement • Secure • Barricade – Keep clear areas around top and bottom. – Equally support rails of non-self-supporting ladder at the top. PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 Source of photos: OSHA 13 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 13 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Ascending or descending ladder • • • • • Maintain 3-point contact Face ladder Stay inside side rails Never carry tools/objects in hands Be extra careful getting on or off Source: OSHA Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 14 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 14 7 2/7/23 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Don’t move, shift, or extend while in use. – When exposed to energized electrical equipment, use nonconductive side rails. – Don’t use the top step of a stepladder. – Don’t climb the cross-bracing on the rear section of a stepladder. Source: TEEX – Harwood 15 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 15 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Don’t use single-rail ladders. – Inspect (competent person) • visible defects periodically • and after any incident • that could affect their safe use. Source of photos: TEEX - Harwood PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 16 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 16 8 2/7/23 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards • Ladder requirements: – Provide double-cleated ladder or two or more ladders: • when having 25 or more employees using as only means of access to work area; • when serves two-way traffic. Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 17 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 17 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Rungs, cleats, and steps: • Parallel, level, and uniformly spaced • Spacing – Along portable or fixed ladder side rails – 10 to 14 inches apart – Between center lines on step stools – 8 to 12 inches apart – Between center lines on extension trestle ladders – 8 to 18 inches apart; extension section 6 to 12 inches PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 Source: OSHA 18 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 18 9 2/7/23 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Don’t tie or fasten together to create longer sections, unless design allows – Side rail of spliced side rails must have strength equal to one-piece side rail Source: OSHA – Stepladder must have a metal spreader or locking device to hold in open position. Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 19 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 19 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Platforms or landings - offset two or more separate ladders used to reach an elevated work area. – Ladder surface - free of projections, sharp edges, or abrasive materials that could puncture or cut user, or snag clothing. – Wood ladders - not coated with any opaque covering, except for identification or warning labels only on one face of a side rail. Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 20 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 20 10 2/7/23 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards – Remove defective ladders from service • Broken or missing parts • Corrosion • Other faulty or defective components – “Do Not Use” – Repair to original design criteria PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 Source: OSHA 21 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 21 Reducing or Eliminating Hazards • Stairs – Handrails – Stair rail systems – Stair requirements – Temporary pan stairs Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 22 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 22 11 2/7/23 Reducing or eliminating hazards • Install handrail on stairways – 4 or more risers – 30 inches of rise Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 23 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 23 Reducing or eliminating hazards • Install stair rail system – Toprail, mid-rail, and sometimes a toeboard – Unprotected sides and edges of stairs with rise of 6 or more feet Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 24 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 24 12 2/7/23 Reducing or eliminating hazards • Build/maintain stairs that meet OSHA requirements – – – – – Uniform riser height and tread depth 30 to 50 degrees angle Landings every 12 feet Remove projections Correct slippery conditions Un rm i fo 0& -3 Source: OSHA d 50 . eg an g le No more than 1/4 inch variation in any stairway system Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 25 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 25 Reducing or eliminating hazards • Temporary pan stairs – Secure in place before filling – Fill to top edge – Replace worn treads and landings Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 26 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 26 13 2/7/23 Employer requirements • Comply with OSHA standards related to stairs and ladders – Training – Inspection • Comply with manufacturers’ requirements and recommendations for all ladders. PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 27 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 27 Hazard Recognition - Ladders • Identify ladders hazards and solutions Source: TEEX – Harwood PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 Source: OSHA 28 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 28 14 2/7/23 Hazard Recognition - Stairs • Identify stairs hazards and solutions Source: Luis Diaz Source: OSHA 29 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 29 Summary • Key components for ladder safety: – A competent person must inspect – Use the correct ladder for the job – Use the correct angle, supports, treads, cross braces, and rails – Don’t overload – Your employer must train you in proper use of a ladder PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 30 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 30 15 2/7/23 Summary • Key components for stairway safety –Treads – Rails • Handrails • Stair rails • Guardrails – Landings and Platforms PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15 31 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 31 16