Chapter 4 Health Hazards in Construction, 2004 PDF

Chapter 4-Health Hazards in Construction Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 1 Subpart D - Occupational Health & Environmental Controls (1926.50 - 66) Lead - Ex...

Chapter 4-Health Hazards in Construction Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 1 Subpart D - Occupational Health & Environmental Controls (1926.50 - 66) Lead - Exposure assessment 50 62(d)(1)(i) First aid training 44 50(c) Standard - 1926. Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts & mists - Employee exposure 36 55(a) Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts & mists - Controls 29 55(b) Lead - Interim respiratory protection 22 62(d)(2)(v)(A) Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 2  1926.50 Medical Services Medical personnel available for advice and consultation. Provisions made for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury. Medical facility readily available and/or person trained in first-aid available at the work site. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 3  1926.50 Medical Services First aid supplies, approved by the consulting health professional, readily available (Appendix A). The first-aid kit consists of materials approved by the consulting physician, in a weatherproof container, with individual sealed packages for each type of item. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 4  1926.50 Medical Services The contents of the first-aid kit shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job. Checked at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 5  1926.50 Medical Services Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured person to a physician or hospital, or A communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service is required. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 6  1926.50 Medical Services Emergency numbers must be posted. Eyewash required for toxic and/or corrosives. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 7 Sanitation 1926.51 Adequate supply of potable water shall be provided in all places of employment. Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly closed, and equipped with a tap. Water cannot be dipped from containers. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 8  Sanitation 1926.51 Any container used to distribute drinking water shall be clearly marked as to the nature of its contents and not used for any other purpose. The common drinking cup is prohibited. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 9 "Potable water" means water which meets the quality standards prescribed in the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, published in 42 CFR part 72, or water which is approved for drinking purposes by the State or local authority having jurisdiction. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 10  Sanitation - Applicable 1910 Standards Every enclosed workplace constructed, equipped, and maintained, so far as reasonably practicable, as to prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination program shall be instituted where their presence is detected. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 11 Sanitation - Applicable 1910 Standards Washing facilities maintained in a sanitary condition. Lavatories provided with hot & cold, or tepid running water. Soap provided. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 12  Table D - 1 Number of Employees 20 or less 1 20 or more 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 40 workers 200 or more 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 50 workers Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 13  1926.52 Noise Exposure Noise levels in excess of Table D - 2 require administrative or engineering controls to control noise levels. If above is not feasible PPE provided to reduce noise exposure to acceptable levels. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 14 TABLE D - 2 PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES Sound level dBA Duration per day, hours slow response 8 ………………………………. 90 6 ………………………………. 92 4 ………………………………. 95 3 ………………………………. 97 2 ………………………………. 100 1 1/2 ………………………….. 102 1 ………………………………. 105 1/2 …………………………….. 110 1/4 or less …………………... 115 Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 15  1926.52 Noise Exposure When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 16  1926.52 Noise Exposure F(e)=(T(1)divided by L(1))+(T(2)divided by L(2))+... + (T(n) divided by L(n)) where: F(e) = The equivalent noise exposure factor. T = The period of noise exposure at any essentially constant level. L = The duration of the permissible noise exposure at the constant level (from Table D-2). Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 17  1926.52 Noise Exposure If the value of F(e) exceeds unity (1) the exposure exceeds permissible levels. 110 dB A 1/4 hour. 100 dB A 1/2 hour. 90 dB A 1 1/2 hours. F(e) = (1/4 divided by 1/2)+(1/2 divided by 2)+ (1 1/2 divided by 8) F(e) = 0.500+0.25+0.188 F(e) = 0.938 Since the value of F(e) does not exceed unity, the exposure is within permissible limits. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 18 1926.52 Noise Exposure Decibel Level Example 90 Truck traffic, lawn mower 100 Chain saw, pneumatic drill, excavator 120 Close thunder, rock concert 140 Jet plane, gunshot blast Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 19  1926.53 Ionizing radiation In construction and related activities involving the use of sources of ionizing radiation, the pertinent provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Standards for Protection Against Radiation (10 CFR Part 20), relating to protection against occupational radiation exposure, shall apply. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 20  1926.54 Non-Ionizing radiation Only qualified and trained employees assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equipment. Proof of qualification of the laser equipment operator available and in possession of the operator at all times. light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts) exists, shall be provided with anti-laser eye protection. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 21  1926.55 Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists. Exposure of employees to inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, or contact with any material or substance at a concentration above those specified in the of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, shall be avoided. See Appendix A to this section. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 22  1926.55 Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists. Engineering controls first PPE if engineering controls not feasible All equipment approved by CP in industrial hygiene Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1926.103. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 23  Illumination General. Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas shall be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination intensities listed in Table D-3 while any work is in progress. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 24 Foot candles Area of Operation 5............. General construction area lighting. 3............. General construction areas, concrete placement, excavation and waste areas, access ways, active storage areas, loading platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas. 5............. Indoors: warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways. 5............. Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas: (Exception: minimum of 10 foot-candles is required at tunnel and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, and scaling. Bureau of Mines approved cap lights shall be acceptable for use in the tunnel heading) 10............ General construction plant and shops (e.g., batch plants, screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, carpenter shops, rigging lofts and active store rooms, mess halls, and indoor toilets and workrooms.) 30............ First aid stations, infirmaries, and offices. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 25  1926.57 Ventilation "General." Whenever hazardous substances such as dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases exist or are produced in the course of construction work, their concentrations shall not exceed the limits specified in 1926.55(a). When ventilation is used as an engineering control method, the system shall be installed and operated according to the requirements of this section. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 26  1926.57 Ventilation Exhaust systems designed that dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases are not drawn through the work area of employees. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 27  1926.57 Ventilation Blasting operations produce respirable dust. Concentrations in levels above those specified in 1926.55 require controls. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 28  1926.57 Ventilation Wherever dry grinding, dry polishing or buffing is performed, and employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, exceeds the permissible exposure limits prescribed in 1926.55 or other pertinent sections of this part, a local exhaust ventilation system shall be provided and used to maintain employee exposures within the prescribed limits. Refer to tables D 57.2 - D 57.6 Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 29  1926.57 Ventilation Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all operations. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 30  1926.59 = 1910.1200 Hazard Communication Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 31  Hazard Communication Material Safety Data Sheets. Labels. Written Program. Training of Employees. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 32  Major Points Employees must know the hazards of chemicals such as toxicity, and carcinogenic. Many employees use dangerous chemicals without personal protective equipment. The contractor must have data sheets of other employer’s chemicals if their own employees are exposed. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 33  Purpose The purpose of the standard is to make sure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated. That information concerning their hazards is communicated to employers and employees. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 34 Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 35  Employers Employers are required to provide information to their employees about the hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed using: A hazard communication program. Labels and other forms of warnings. Material safety data sheets (MSDS). Information and training. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 36  Labeling Exemptions Pesticides. Chemicals covered under the Toxic Substance Control Act. Foods or food additives. Distilled Spirits, tobacco. Consumer products, lumber, cosmetics. Hazardous wastes. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 37  Employer Requirements- Written Program Employers must develop a written program that covers at least: Labels and other forms of warnings. Material Safety Data Sheets. Employee Information and Training. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 38  Employer Requirements- Written Program Employers must develop a written program that covers at least: A list of the hazardous chemicals known to be present at the facility along with MSDS’s for each chemical. The methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards non-routine tasks. The hazards of chemicals in unlabeled pipes. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 39 Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 40  Multi-Employer Workplaces If employees of other employers could be exposed to hazardous chemicals, the program must include methods to provide contractor employees with on-site access to MSDS for each chemical those workers may be exposed to. The methods used to inform other employers of any precautionary measures to be taken for normal and emergency situations. The employers chemical labeling system. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 41  Labels, Tags and Markings The employer must ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with the following: Identity of the hazardous chemical. Appropriate hazard warnings. This above labeling information is required of the manufacturer so the employer must ensure that the original labels from the manufacturer are on all containers and remain legible. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 42  Container Labeling Exemption for Portable Containers The employer is not required to label portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from labeled containers, and which are intended only for the immediate use by the employee who performs the transfer. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 43 Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 44  New Hazard Information One important function of the individual(s) in charge of maintaining MSDS for the employer is to replace current MSDS with the revised version, when it is received. Companies can have copies in several locations, so updating all copies requires a conscientious effort by the individual(s) responsible for maintaining MSDS. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 45  MSDS availability off-site For employees who work off-site: MSDS may be kept at the central location. In an emergency, the employer must have provisions in place to ensure that employees can immediately obtain the required information. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 46  MSDS kept in other forms MSDS may be kept in any form. Including operating procedures. Where it may be more appropriate to address the hazards of a process rather than individual hazardous chemicals. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 47  Employee Information and Training Employers must provide employees information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area: At the time of their initial assignment. Whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area. Training may cover categories of hazards. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 48  Employee Information Employers must inform employees: Of the training requirements of this section (1910.1200 (h) Employee information and training.). Any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present. The location and availability of the written hazard communication program. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 49  Employee Information Employers must inform employees: The location and availability of the list of hazardous chemicals. The location and availability of material safety data sheets. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 50  Employee Training Employee training shall include at least: Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area. The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area. Measures employees can take to protect themselves. Details of the employers specific program. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 51  Chemical Exposure Severity & Duration “Acute” effects usually occur rapidly as a result of short-term exposures, and are of short duration. “Chronic” effects generally occur as a result of long-term exposure, and are of long duration. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 52  Acute Effects Irritation. Corrosives. Sensitization. Lethal Dose. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 53  Chronic Effects Carcinogenicity. Teratogenicity. Mutagenicity. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 54  Corrosive Visible destruction, or irreversible damage to body tissue. Acids. Caustics (or bases). Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 55  Toxic and Highly Toxic Can cause death or serious injury from a single exposure. Ingestion. Dermal contact. Mists, Vapors. Highly toxic, small dose; severe effects. Toxic, larger dose; severe effects. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 56  Irritant Not a corrosive. Causes reversible inflammatory effect. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 57 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) One of the most important tools available to employers for providing information, and protection to workers from hazardous chemicals which are used in the workplace. S DS M Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 58 Material Safety Data Sheet U.S. Department of Labor May be used to comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard, (Non-Mandatory Form) 29 CFR 1910.1200. Standard must be consulted for specific requirements. Form Approved OMB No. 1218-0072 IDENTITY (As Used on Label and List) Note: Blank spaces are not permitted. If any item is not applicable, or no information is available, the space must be marked to indicate that. Section I Manufacturer's Name Emergency Telephone Number Address (Number, Street, City, State, and ZIP Code) Telephone Number for Information Date Prepared Copyright(optional) Signature of Preparer 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 59 Section II - Hazard Ingredients/Identity Information Hazardous Components (Specific Chemical Identity; Common Name(s)) OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV Other Limits Recommended %(optional) Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 60 Section III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics Boiling Point Specific Gravity (H2O = 1) Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.) Melting Point Vapor Density (AIR = 1) Evaporation Rate (Butyl Acetate = 1) Solubility in Water Appearance and Odor Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 61 Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Flash Point (Method Used) Flammable Limits LEL UEL Extinguishing Media Special Fire Fighting Procedures Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 62 Section V - Reactivity Data Stability Unstable Conditions to Avoid Stable Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid) Hazardous Decomposition or Byproducts Hazardous Polymerization May Occur Conditions to Avoid Will Not Occur Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 63 Section VI - Health Hazard Data Route(s) of Entry: Inhalation? Skin? Ingestion? Health Hazards (Acute and Chronic) Carcinogenicity: NTP? IARC Monographs? OSHA Regulated? Signs and Symptoms of Exposure Medical Conditions Generally Aggravated by Exposure Emergency and First Aid Procedures Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 64 Section VII - Precautions for Safe Handling and Use Steps to Be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled Waste Disposal Method Precautions to Be taken in Handling and Storing Other Precautions Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 65  1926.62 Lead Applies to all construction work including: Demolition or salvage operations. Removal or encapsulation of materials containing lead. New construction. Installation of products containing lead. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 66  1926.62 Lead No employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 ug/m³) averaged over an 8-hour period. Determine if any employee may be exposed to lead at or above the action level. Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 67  1926.62 Lead If lead is present employer required to make determination. Determination based on exposure levels. without respiratory protection Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 68  1926.62 Lead Toxic effects on the nervous systems. The earliest stages of lead - induced central nervous system effects first manifest themselves in the form of behavioral disturbances and central nervous system symptoms including irritability, restlessness, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, fatigue, vertigo, headache, poor memory, tremor, depression, and apathy. With more severe exposure, symptoms can progress to drowsiness, stupor, hallucinations, delirium, convulsions and coma. Damage is irreversible! Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved 69