Natural Health Product (Polyphenols) PDF

NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCT (POLYPHENOLS) D R. M A S H A E L H U WA I K E M M H U WA I K E M @ K F U. E D U. S A S E P 1 1 TH , 2 0 2 3 WHAT ARE POLYPHENOLS Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances, found in plants and characterized by the presence of more than one phenol unit or...

NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCT (POLYPHENOLS) D R. M A S H A E L H U WA I K E M M H U WA I K E M @ K F U. E D U. S A S E P 1 1 TH , 2 0 2 3 WHAT ARE POLYPHENOLS Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances, found in plants and characterized by the presence of more than one phenol unit or building block per molecule. WHAT ARE POLYPHENOLS ? Polyphenols are generally divided into; Hydrolyzed tannins Garlic acid esters of glucose and other sugars Polyphenols such as lignins and flavonoids WHAT ARE POLYPHENOLS ? The largest and best studied of polyphenols are flavonoids; which includes several thousand The most abundant polyphenols are compounds among them, the the condensed tennins, found in flavonols, flavones, catechins, virtually all families of plants. flavanones, anthocyanidins and isooflavonoids INTRODUCTION Human cultures have long history of using teas for promoting health and treating diseases. We will address the recants papers in this filed; exploring the health-promoting benefits of this beverages. REVIEW STUDIES TEA CONSUMPTION IS REPORTED TO HAVE A PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON IMPROVING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES  Men and women (aged 30-49 years old) who consumed 1 or more cups of tea/day REVIEW STUDIES - Lower serum cholesterol levels - Lower systolic blood pressure -Lower mortality rate REVIEW STUDIES A recent study in Japan demonstrated that green tea consumption was directly related to Lower cholesterol concentrations Higher HDL and Lower LDL Lower mortality rate after acute myocardial infraction REVIEW STUDIES In contrast; A British study found there is No inverse relation between tea consumption and coronary heart diseases. In healthy adults drinking black tea for 4 weeks, there is NO statistically significant effect on plasma cholesterol, HDL,LDL, or TG were observed except individuals who had atherogenic ApoE genotypes. REVIEW STUDIES Although the exact mechanism by which tea consumption could offer protection against atherosclerosis IHD are fully known. A large body of literature review has emerged which suggests that the actions of polyphenols compounds found in these beverages may account for this protection. USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT TEA Tea is second only to water as the most consumed beverages among the world The average consumption of tea is greater than 100 ml per day; in some places can be up to 500 ml per day. The world-wide per capita consumption is about 0.12 L/day USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT TEA Tea is the beverage originated from leaf of plant camellia sinensis, varieties sinensis and assamica. Tea leaves contain more than 35% of their dry weight polyphenols Tea plants require at least 50 inches of rainfall a year and prefer acidic soils. TYPES OF TEA Tea’s type is determined by the processing which undergoes Leaves camellia sinensis begin to wilt and oxidize if not dried fast after picking The leaves turn progressively darker as their chlorophyll breaks and tannins are released TYPES OF TEA This process, enzymatic oxidation, is called fermentation in the tea industry although it is not a true fermentation, it is not caused by microorganisms and is not an anaerobic process. The next step in processing is to stop the oxidation process at a predeterminate stage by heating, which deactivate the enzymes responsible.  White Tea Green Tea Uncured and unoxidized Wilted and unoxidized tea leaf CLASSES OF TEA Black Tea Oolong Tea Wilted, sometimes Wilted bruised and crushed and fully partially oxidized oxidized COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (WHITE) Like green, oolong and black tea, white tea comes from camellia sinensis plant. Oolong and black teas are oxidized before curing. It has higher caffeine than older leaves, suggesting the caffeine content of white teas may be higher than that of green teas. COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (OOLONG) It is traditional Chinese tea somewhere between green and black oxidation. It ranges from 10% to 70% oxidation. It is among the most popular types of teas served in typical Chinese restaurants COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (GREEN) Green tea is a product produced from fresh leaf. Rapid inactivation of enzyme, polyphenol oxidase, by steaming or rapid pan firing, rolling, and high temperature air drying is used to make green tea in Japan and in China and preserve the polyphenol contents. COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (GREEN) Green tea is Epicatechin rich in those Catechin Epicatechin gallate (ECG) flavanols Galocatechin Epigalocatechin Epigalocatechin gallate COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (GREEN) It has been estimated that one cup of green tea can contain 100-200 mg catechins In addition, green tea contains Quercetin, myricetin and their glycosides, apigenin glycoseeds and lignans but at lower concentrations. Catechins are highest in concentration in white and green teas, while black tea has substantially fewer due to its oxidative preparation COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (BLACK) Black tea is derived from aged tea leaves that have undergone enzymatically, catalyzed, aerobic, oxidation, and chemical condensation, partially catechins Therefore, catechins levels are lower in black tea than in green tea. COMPOUNDS FOUND IN TEAS (BLACK) Oxidation properties of catechins have been used as antioxidant The product of catechins oxidation are the fermentation of quinones which form theaflavins Theaflavins are responsible for reddish color in black tea GRAPES FRENCH PARADOX Comparing diet among western countries; researchers have discovered that although French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, surprisingly that the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. The phenomenon name is French Paradox and thought to occur from the protective benefits of regularly consuming grapes. Emerging evidence that grapes polyphenols like resveratrol provide physiological benefits on cardiovascular system COMPOUNDS FOUND IN (GRAPES) Resveratrol A polyphenol antioxidant that has been positively associating with inhibiting any cancer, heart disease, degenerative nerve diseases, viral infection and mechanisms of Alzheimer disease,. COMPOUNDS FOUND IN (GRAPES) General function of Resveratrol Direct inhibitory action Protect of the genome, Interferes with all three on cardiac fibroblasts, though AO actions may stages of carcinogenesis and may inhibit the be a general function of initiation, promotion, and progression of cardiac Resveratrol progression fibrosis COMPOUNDS FOUND IN (GRAPES) General function of Resveratrol Effective against neuronal cells dysfunction and cell Modulates the metabolism of death and could help against Serves antifungal and other lipids and inhibits oxidation of diseases such as Huntington’s defensive properties LDL and aggregation of the disease and Alzheimer’s platelets disease. COMPOUNDS FOUND IN (GRAPES) Resveratrol is found in wide amounts, among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds, which in muscadine grapes have about 100 times higher concentration than pulp Fresh grape skin contain about 50 to 100 µg of Resveratrol /gram COMPOUNDS FOUND IN (GRAPES) Anthocyanins and other phenolics The main polyphenolics in red grapes whereas flavan-3-ols(e.g. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. COMPOUNDS FOUND IN Constituents (GRAPES) Studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant properties of grape seeds Together with tannins, polyphenols and PUFA these seeds constitutes display, inhibitory activities against diseases models including cancer, heart failure, and other disorders of oxidative stress COMPOUNDS FOUND IN (GRAPES) Grapeseed oil from crushed seeds is used in cosmeceuticals Constituents and skin care products for many perceived health benefits. Grape seed oil is notable for its high content of tocopherols (vitamin E), phytosterols, and PUFA, such as the linoleic acid, oleic acid and alpha linolenic acid