Reviewer for Oral Comm PDF

Reviewer for Oral Comm Speech Contexts in Communication Speech Context - situation or environment and their circumstances. Characteristics of Speech Context Number of participants Physical Proximity Channel Immediacy of the exchange 3 MAIN types of Spe...

Reviewer for Oral Comm Speech Contexts in Communication Speech Context - situation or environment and their circumstances. Characteristics of Speech Context Number of participants Physical Proximity Channel Immediacy of the exchange 3 MAIN types of Speech Context Intrapersonal Communication - communicating with oneself Types of Intrapersonal Internal Discourse - inner thoughts Solo Written Communication - written for yourself Solo Vocal Communication - spoken out loud but only u can hear Interpersonal Communication - most common type of context where there is communication with more than 1 person. Types of Interpersonal Dyadic/Dyad - 2 people only Small Group - 3-15 people in a group communicating Group Communication - more than 15 people communicating. They assemble to interact face to face to achieve a common goal. Types of Group Communication Study-group - looking for the problem Task - oriented - solving the problem Other types of Speech Context Organizational Communication - formal and informal meeting Types of Organizational Formal - no bypass Informal - bypass Mediated Communication - with the use of media but with only 2 people Public Communication - the speaker spreads the message to the audience. The speaker and receiver must not interchange (nde nababago ang speaker at receiver) Mass Communication - with a use of media and group communication. One source to many audiences but there’s a media used. New Media Communication - with the use of social media and the internet. Traditional Communication - like through oral recitations. Speech Styles Speech Styles - style of speaking when a person interacts with others. - According to Martin Joos, it indicates the level/degree of formality. There are 5 types of speech styles. Factor to Consider: Audience, Topic, Purpose, Location 5 types of Speech Styles Frozen Speech Style - follows a script, the pattern CANNOT be changed. Examples of this are wedding vows, and pledges. Formal Speech Style - open exchange of messages with a high degree of formality. Technical vocabulary and correct information should be considered here. Consultative Speech Style - used in conducting business or discussion. Functional, discusses significant information. Casual Speech Style - more informal with participants who belong in the same circle or group. Intimate Speech Style - very close relationships with each other. In private Speech Acts Speech Act Theory - proposed by Langshaw Austin in 1962 - uttering words leads to the performance of an act Kinds of Utterance Consultative Utterance - describe a situation or insinuate assertions Performative Utterance - words that incite an action Types of Speech Acts Locutionary Act - act of saying something, what is said, meaningful utterance Types of Locutionary Utterance Act - “Oh” “”Ouch” Propositional - intended meaning illocution act - what is done in uttering the words, performed, common or order, INTENTION. Types of illocution Expressives - emotions (apologizing, welcoming, thanking, congratulating) Declarations - change in the situation (appointing, baptizing, declaring, nominating) Assertives - convey information ( concluding, stating, describing, asserting, suggesting, insisting) Directives - do particular action ( commanding, daring, challenging, requesting, asking) Commissives - action in the future Perlocution Act - resulting act, consequence Communicative Strategies - plans/ways/means of sharing information Types of Communicative Strategies Nomination - clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is said is relevant. OPEN and ESTABLISH a topic (start of the conversation). Restriction - constraining the reaction/response, listener is forced to respond only, act of limiting. Turn-taking - when and how to speak, others should be given an opportunity to take turn, informal and formal approach. Keep turn - speaker must not stop until he finish Release turn - speaker done and another person’s turn Take turn - participant can take the role of the speaker Topic Control - keeping the interaction going, question and answer, GOAL: remain the topic no shifting of topic, focus on the central idea Topic Shifting - follow-through, new topic followed by the continuation of topic, intentionally or unintentionally changes the topic  Reviewer in DAI The social sciences are tools that can be used to have a better understanding of the world we live in. According to American economist Edwin R.A. Seligman (1930), the social sciences are “mental or cultural sciences which deal with the activities of the individual as a member of a group.” The social sciences are disciplines that connect persons to many aspects of society. The beginning of social scientific thought dates back to the Ancient Greek civilization. Great thinkers “Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle” meaning of life and how a state should be governed. This was the period when great thinkers focused their attention on social phenomena and tried to give meaning to them. The following period, the 15th century, was called the Middle Ages. During this time, religion was the law and was as important as scientific thought. The Catholic Church was supreme, and its power was absolute. The 16th century was the period known as the Scientific Revolution. Great thinkers “including Isaac Newton and René Descartes” scientific ideas that we still use today, (physics and mathematics) The Scientific Revolution dealt primarily with the idea that reason was greater than imagination. The following periods, the 17th and 18th century, were collectively called the Age of Enlightenment. The 19th Century: Industrial Age It was in the 20th century when the social sciences became an essential part of the academic world. Continuing need to use social science disciplines to understand an ever-evolving world. Social Science Disciplines Demography, Anthropology, Psychology, Sociology, History, Economics, Linguistics,and Geography. The humanities are a branch of knowledge that seeks to understand human reactions to events and the meanings humans impose on experience as a function of culture, historical era, and life history. The humanities are a body of disciplines that covers both memory and imagination. According to Jerome Kagan, the natural sciences are a school of thought that aims “to predict and explain all natural phenomena.” Disciplines under the natural sciences (Biology, Physics, and Chemistry) The social sciences help us understand what is happening around us Discipline a branch of knowledge or field of study Specialization a specific area of study or expertise Sociology is concerned with the study of society and the different facets of human social relationships. Demography is defined as the statistical analysis of populations. Anthropology aims to study humans’ culture and evolution. Psychology is the branch of social science that examines different mental states and behaviors. Geography is the study of the earth’s physical properties and the distribution of human societies and other elements across it. Linguistics is referred to as the systematic study of language. History studies past events and their causes and effects. Economics looks into how wealth is produced, distributed, and consumed. Discipline of Anthropology Edward Burnett Taylor Father of Cultural Anthropology Lewis Henry Morgan he release his classic work Iroquois Franz Boas one of the key figures who did not use science to justify racism and known for developing the concept of cultural relativism Biological anthropology is the field that is engaged in understanding humans and their nature as an animal species. Cultural studies the lifeways and traditions of human groups which may include their belief system, economic activities, and even political system. Archaeology attempts to reconstruct the cultures of past civilizations and human groups by dealing with fossils and artifacts. Linguistic examines the relationship of the language and culture of a group of people. The study of human culture and societies is the primary focus of Anthropology Discipline of Economics The study of how people make choices with limited resources is the primary focus of economics. Economics (allocation of resources within the household level) Greek words oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law) The fields of Economics (micro (small scale market) and macro (national income)) Key Concepts in Economics Market- arena where consumers and sellers are independently interacting for goods that are price equally due to the ongoing competition among sellers. Supply – refers to the entirety of available goods that the market can offer. Demand – represents the actual quantity of goods or services that the public requires from the market. Specialization – refers to the method in production wherein the process of producing goods and services is concentrated to a particular group of individuals or region. Production – is the process wherein raw materials are transformed into usable goods or commodities. Discipline of Economics Greek words geo (earth, land, or ground) and graphia (write, art, study) Cartography - study of drawing maps Important personalities in Geography (not included) The fields of Geography Physical – studies the changes in the natural patterns and process of the surface of the earth over time. Human – studies the relationship of people, communities, and cultures across space and place. Integrated – studies how human activities impact the environment Geomatic – focuses on the scientific management of geographic data. Regional – focuses on a particular region on the surface of the earth. Key Concepts in Geography Spatial pattern – refers to the arrangement or replacement of objects on the surface of the earth. Spatial interaction – process involved in understanding the relationship between the movements of things from one location to another. Geographic process – refers to the series of interrelated events that affect places, societies, culture, and environment. Research Methods in Geography Cartography – study of representing the surface of the earth using abstract symbols or through the creation of maps. GIS – Geographic information system – discipline that deals with the proper storage and data retrieval of geographic information using a computer. Remote sensing – discipline that utilizes various instruments to obtain geographic data about the surface of the earth. Geostatistics – is the application of statistical methodologies to analyze geographic information. Ethnology – study if a culture is used in human geography, anthropology, and sociology.  Reviewer in PolGov Power - The ability to influence another – the way one thinks or behaves – in a manner not of his or her choosing. It involves one’s capacity to get things done, and to make someone to do something he or she would not otherwise do. Political Power Concepts  Legitimacy – the people’s perception that their government rules rightfully and thus must be obeyed.  Sovereignty – the ability of a national government to be the sole leader.  Authority – a political leader’s ability to command respect and exercise power. Dimensions of Power  Power as decision-making – power is perceived as the influence on the content of decisions. Who decides, what to be made, and how to execute such decision all involve power.  Power as agenda setting – power involves the ability to set or control political agenda, highlighting one at the exclusion of other issues.  Power as thought control – power is seen as an ideological indoctrination or a psychological control where one has the ability to change or shape how another thinks or behaves. Types of Authority  Traditional – Authority is based on acceptance of and high regard of traditions. Monarchies are examples of this type.  Rational–legal – Authority is based on impersonal rules and regulations. People obey through a legitimate command from the leader.  Charistmatic – Obedience is based on personal characteristics of a leader, whose qualities are considered to be exceptional. State – is a political community that has sovereign jurisdiction over a clearly defined territory, and exercises authority through several institutions, including the government. - is a figure of power and authority in managing public affairs. - most powerful political entity. (Roskin, 2012) Elements of State  Sovereignty – refers to both Jurisdiction – ability of state to exercise its authority over its territory and people. Independence – the freedom from external control.  Government – machinery of the state through which the people’s will is formulated and carried out.  Territory – includes all the land, sea, and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction on.  People (Population) – is the organization of human beings living together as a community. Types of State  Effective – the state controls and taxes the entire territory - Laws are mostly obeyed. - state provides general welfare and security - exists ONLY MINOR corruption  Weak – Crime has penetrated politics - Government is weak in fighting lawlessness, corruption, and poverty - Justice is bought, and elections are often rigged. - Governmental revenue go to private pockets.  Failed – No national government exists. - The state is ruled by warlords, private army, and militians - “Gun” is the law. - Education and health standard decline. Aristotle’s 6 Types of Goverments: Who governs? How many? Positive Forms (legitimate) Negative Forms (corrupt) One Monarchy Tyranny Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Many Polity Democracy Key Distinctions Between State and Government STATE GOVERNMENT Scope A more extensive entity; its An element/part of the state; it is encompasses all institutions and the means through which state citizens. authority is exercise. Duration Continuing and permanent body of Temporary and can be changed a political system. from time to time Representation Represents the interest of society Represents the interests of those in where the common good is power at a given period achieved. Others Exercises impersonal authority; its The “government of the day” is personnel are trained in ideologically biased. bureaucratic ways. Nation – group of people bound together by commonalities in language, history, traditions, and religion. - can also be seen as psychological when people share identification, loyalty, or affection in the form of patriotism. (Heywood 2013) Nation-state – the integration of the state and nation forms this. - When culture is embedded in politics, a nation-state is produced. - Philippines is a nation-state - As entity, its strength relies on the fusion of both the cultural and political aspects present in a state and in a nation, allowing for cultural cohesion and at the same time political unity. Globalization – considered to be one of the most important threats to the nation-state. - process through which societies have become so embedded or interconnected that events and decisions in one part of the world have significant effects on the lives of people in the other part of the world. Forms of Globalization Features/Characteristics Manifestations/Examples Economic All economies have been  Internationalized production integrated in a global economy  Financial capital flowing freely between countries.  McDonaldization or what George Ritzer (1993) called Sociocultural as rationalization that Max Information, commodities, and weber found in images from one part of the world bureaucracies extended to make cultural differences between fast-food chains. This then nations and individuals less leads to standardization of significant. process such as production.  Information revolution  Global brands penetrating the local scene The importance of international  Influence on domestic Political organizations, transactional issues of organizations such organizations, and as the United Nations, nongovernmental organizations is World Trade Organization, being recognized World Bank, Asian Developments Bank, International Red Cross, and World Wide Fund for Nature