Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review PDF

Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review Supplemental Materials N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne ZOOTECHNICS oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM  VMLE Review Systems...

Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review Supplemental Materials N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne ZOOTECHNICS oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 1 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION 12. BROILER – young meat type of chicken of either AND NUTRITION sex (usually up to 6-8 weeks of age) weighing 1.3- 2.2 kg. Also referred as fryer or young chicken. ------------------------------------------------------------------- 13. ROASTER – meat type of chicken of their sex REVIEW OUTLINE (typically 3-5 months of age) weighing about 2.95 ------------------------------------------------------------------- kg average live weight , 14. SQUAB – young immature pigeon, usually up to 30 N I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL days old (also refers to its meat) PRODUCTION 15. SQUAB BROILER – meat type chicken sold at 0.9- A. Definition of Terms 1.1 kg (2-2.5 lb) live weight. Usually smaller than en ATA B. Classification of Common Farm Animals broiler, and sold whole body and never cut C. Restraint of Large Animals 16. CAPON – cockerel or type of poultry meat from B. D. Reproductive Traits of Domestic surgically castrated male chicken weighing 3.6-4.5 Animals kg E. Animal Products 17. KEET – young guinea fowl F. Disinfectants 18. RATTLE – big birds (ostrich, emu. Rhea) known for II. PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION their red meat and skins (for leather) th A. Differences of Carnivores and 19. KOSHER MEAT – meat from ruminants with split Herbivores hooves where the animals have been slaughtered y K ACB. Digestion System of Farm Animals C. Nutrients 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins according to Jewish practices and law 20. SIRE – refers to the male parent 21. DAM – refers to the female parent 22. RUTTING – refers to the breeding process or ne 3. Lipids mating in goats 4. Water 23. STOCKER – weaned cattle fed high-roughage diets oth 24 L 5. Vitamins before going to the feedlot. Also to describe 6. Minerals light/thin feeders/mature cows purchased to utilize D. Summary of Digestion low-quality roughages. E. Enzymes and Digestive Juices 24. STUD – usually the breeding stallion. Also a place F. Gastrointestinal Hormones where male animals are maintained. G. Metabolic Pathways of Different 25. STAG – usually male livestock mammals castrated Nutrients after puberty; also refers to young but sexually H. Body Condition mature (~7 mos. – 1 year) fighting cock I. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies 26. LARD – fat from pigs produced through a rendering J. Composition of Different Feed Groups process. Tim 60 K. Proximate Analysis of Feed Ingredients 27. TALLOW – fat of cattle, buffalo or sheep ----------------------------------------------------------- 28. VIXEN – female fox 29. WEAN – to separate a young animal from its dam I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL and from suckling milk PRODUCTION 30. ZEBU – tropical humped cattle breeds (Bos indicus) ANIMAL TERMS of Indian (S. Asia) origin 1. BUFFALO – domestic horned ungulate belonging R-2 to genus Bubalus; a.k.a. known as water buffalo, DEFINITION OF COMMON ANIMAL PRODUCTION Asiatic buffaloes, carabao, etc. AND HUSBANDRY TERMS 2. DONKEY – close relative of the horse, a.k.a. ass or 1. ACCLIMATIZATION – adaptation to environment burro (Equus asinus) over a period of time 3. JACK (JACKASS) – male ass 2. Ad-libitum – as desired by the animal; self-fed 4. JENNET (JENNY) – female ass 3. AQUACULTURE – raising/production of 5. MULE – produced from crossing jackass with a fishes/marine products in selected or controlled mare (reproductively sterile) environment UM 6. HINNY – produced from crossing stallion with a 4. BIOSECURITY – planned system/measure to jennet (reproductively sterile) prevent entry and spread of diseases in the 7. PONY – small-type horse, under 14.2 hands (~57 flock/herd inches) in height at the withers 5. BROODINESS – tendency of hen to nest; 8. JILL – female mink incubating behavior 9. BULLOCK – young bull, typically less than 20 6. CANNIBALISM – tendency or vice of animals in months of age herd/flock to bite/peck others causing injuries 10. JACKRABBIT – or native hare (genus Lepus) wild 7. CARCASS – animal body less viscera, head, relative of the domestic (Oryctolagus) skin and lower legs after slaughter 11. FRYER – young male or female domestic rabbit 8. CASTRATION – removal of testicles of male (meat-type) animals UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 2 9. COMFORT ZONE (THERMONEUTRAL ZONE) – 27. MASTICATION – chewing range of temperatures at which animal 28. MICROFLORA – gross overall population of performance is maximized microorganism (bacteria, protozoans, yeast, etc.) 10. CONFORMATION – structure/shape (or a cut) of 29. MOHAIR – animal fiber used for upholstery or animal carcass clothing; of greater length and less crimp than 11. COPROPHAGY – eating or consumption of feces wool , 12. CREEP FEED – feed provided to young animals 30. PALATABILITY – property of being pleasing to N within an enclosure that excludes larger animals taste 13. CUD – a bolus of previously eaten food which 31. PECKING ORDER – social order; the tendency has been regurgitated for further chewing of animals to behave in order of social en ATA 14. DEGLUTITION – swallowing dominance 15. ERUCTATION – a belching/burping; expulsion of 32. PHOPTOPERIOD – the length of daylight or B. accumulated gastric gases artificial light provided 16. ETHOLOGY – scientific study of animals in 33. POIKILOTHERM (COLD-BLOODED ANIMAL) – natural or typical environment animal with little or no ability to maintain an even 17. FATTENING – deposition of unused energy in body temperature, so temperature is influenced the form of fat within body tissues largely by the immediate environment th 18. FINISHING – to fatten a slaughter animal; also 34. REGURGITATION - act of voluntary vomiting or the degree of fatness of such animal swallowed food y K AC 19. FLUSHING – practice of feeding higher amount of nutrients prior to and during breeding for ovulation 20. GAMEBIRDS – refers to wild birds (e.g. 35. ROUGHAGES – feed low in digestible energy and high in fiber 36. SILAGE – succulent feed produced from anaerobic storage and fermentation of forages ne pheasants) for hunting 37. SILO – a semi-airtight to airtight structure for use 21. GAMEFOWLS – type of chicken of both sexes in the production and storage of silage oth 24 L especially bred to produce fighting cocks 38. SOUNDNESS – health or physical integrity of an 22. HOMEOSTASIS – maintenance of physiological animal or some of its parts stability even though environment may change 39. SPAY – to remove the ovaries or sever the 23. HOMEOTHERM (WARM-BLOODED ANIMAL) – oviducts leading to the uterus; neutering in animal that utilizes or dissipates energy to females maintain body temperature (~37ºC) 40. ZOOTECHNICS – subjects related to the science 24. HUSBANDRY – refers to raising, production, and of livestock and poultry production/management, proper care of livestock and poultry animals nutrition, breeding/genetics, with emphasis on 25. LITTER – (a) bedding/flooring materials such as the quality of production, animal health, safety sawdust, rice hulls, wood shavings; (b) a group of (public health) and animal welfare, usually taken Tim 60 piglets/puppies born of a sow/bitch at the same as course in veterinary medicine parturition 26. MARBLING – the interspersion of fat particles in lean meat Classification of Common Farm Animals R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  A VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 3 B. Ke CAT SOME TERMS FOR COMMON LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY SPECIES/DOMESTIC ANIMALS Species Class Term/ Others Young1 Female Entire Male Castrated Male Parturition Group Meat Term eth (local) General Young1 Mature2 Young1 Mature2 Young1 Mature2 Cattle Bovine/ox/cow (baka) Calf Heifer3 Cow Bull4 Bull Steer Stag Calving Herd Veal7/beef Carabao Bubaline/water Caracalf Caraheifer Caracow Carabull Carabull Carasteer Stag Calving Herd Carabeef buffalo (kalabaw) Swine Swine/hog/pig Piglet/ Gilt Sow Boar Boar Barrow Stag Farrowing Herd/ Pork thy 4 LA (baboy) Shoat drove Goat Caprine (kambing) Kid Doe/ Doe Buck kid Buck/billy Wether Stag Kidding Band Chevon nanny nn Sheep Ovine (tupa) Lamb Ewe5 Ewe Ram Ram/buck Wether Stag Lambing Hurtle/ Lamb8/mutton9 flock Horse Equine (kabayo) Foal Filly Mare Colt6 Stallion/ stud Gelding Stag Foaling Band/ Chevaline stable Chicken Avian (manok) Chick Pullet Hen Cockerel Cock/rooster capon Laying/ Flock Poultry meat10 hatching mo 02 Duck Avian/mallard, pekin Duckling Duck hen Duck hen Drake Drake -- Laying/ Flock Poultry meat10 duck (itik), muscovy hatching duck (bibi) Goose Avian (gansa) Gosling Goose Goose Gander Gander -- Laying/ Gaggle/flo Poultry meat10 hatching ck Turkey Avian (pabo) Poult Young hen Hen Young tom Tom -- Laying/ Flock Poultry meat10 hatching -26 Rabbit Bunny (kuneho) Bunny Doe Buck Kindling Colony/hut Lapan ch Dog Canine (aso) Puppy/pup Bitch Dog Neutered male Whelping Pack Cat Feline (pusa) Kitten Queen Tomcat Neutered male Queening Pride 1young – generally newborn or prior to puberty or sexual maturity; 2mature – generally after puberty; 3heifer – depending on age, can be heifer calf, yearling heifer (once and fed to slaughter); 4bull – can be bull calf or yearling bull; 5ewe – can be ewe lamb if under 1 year of age (ram lamb – male); 6colt – under 3 years of age; 7veal – 3 months of age or younger (a.k.a. bob veal); 8lamb – meat from young sheep; 9mutton – meat from mature sheep; 10poultry meat – general term for meats of birds, may be named after the species (e.g. turkey meat) or classified according to age/weight (broiler, fryer, roaster, etc.) MR Other poultry species: Quail (“pugo”) – Coturnix coturnic japonica; Pigeons (“kalapati”) – Columbia livia; Guinea fowl (“Bengala”) – Numida mileagris UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 4 Reproductive Traits of Domestic Animals Estrus Cycles and Reproductive Traits. N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L ESTRUS CYCLES AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS Age at Best Length of Length of Cycle Length of Estrus puberty Time of time Gestation (days) Animal (months) Ovulation to Range Average Range Average Range Average Range breed Tim 60 Caracow 10-36 19-23 21 12-36 24 hrs 11-15 hr Late 320- 320 (carabao) hrs after estrus 325 Doe 5-8 Continuous Constant 8-10 hr -- 30 (rabbit) estrus postcoitus Queen 7-12 Seasonal 4-10 7 days 24-48 hr -- 62 (cat) days postcoitus R-2 Bitch 6-12 Seasonal 4-14 9 days First 1/3 9th -- 60 (dog) days day Jill (mink) 10 seasonal 2 days 40-50 hr 45-70 58 postcoitus RIGHT BREEDING AGE OR TARGET WEIGHT FOR Buck 8 mos. BREEDING Sheep: Cattle: Ewes 8-12 mos. UM Heifers 18-20 months to 2 years Rams 12 mos. or 25 kg BW Bulls at least 2 years (or at least Horse Preferably 3 yrs and above 250-300 kg BW) Buffalo: (2-3½ yrs old average) Philippine 2 yrs. 4 months to 2 yrs. 6 Carabao months Murrah 3 ½ years Crosses/grades 2 yrs 4 mos. Swine: Gilts 8 mos. or 113.4 kg BW Boars 9 mos. old Goat: Does 8-10 mos. of age UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 5 Animal Products N, en ATA B. Typical lactation curve for a Holstein cow. th y K AC Common methods of meat cookery. ne oth 24 L Tim 60 A diagram of the constituents of milk. The units enclosed in boxes are used in producing veal milk-replacer diets. R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 6 Disinfectants N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 7 II. PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION Differences of Carnivores and Herbivores N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 8 Digestion System of Farm Animals N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L The digestive tract of the hog – a nonruminant. Tim 60 R-2 UM The digestive tract of the cow – a ruminant. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 9 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Some examples of mammalian digestive tracts drawn to illustrate major anatomical differences. The sheep and kangaroo are examples of species with pregastric digestion. Note that there is some similarity between the sacculated stomach of the kangaroo and the cecum of the pony and, to a lesser extent, the pig (not shown), both hind gut fermenters. Sacculation is a distinguishing characteristic of herbivores whether in the stomach, cecum, or large intestine. The cecum is small in the dog and absent in such carnivores as the mink (not shown). Tim 60 R-2 UM Diagram of routes of nutrient absorption, flow of nutrients and fluids in the body, and routes of excretion. The lymph system is not shown. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 10 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 11 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 12 N, en ATA B. th Diagrams of the stomach of the pig illustrating the various zones and types of mucosal areas found in the stomach y K AC lining. The fundus area is the site of production of acid digestive enzymes. ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 13 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Digestive tract configurations for: (a) rainbow trout (carnivore, Y-shaped stomach); (b) catfish (omnivore with preference for animal foods, pouched stomach); (c) carp (omnivore with preference for plant foods, no stomach); (d) Tim 60 milkfish (microphagous planktivore, tubular stomach with muscular gizzard). Nutrients R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 14 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM Water requirements of European and Indian cattle as affected by increasing temperatures. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 15 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 16 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM Schematic diagram of the major conversions that occur in transport of lipids across the intestinal mucosal cell during absorption. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 17 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 Fatty acid biosynthesis. Note the enzymes involved at various stages. The interrelationships between glucose and lipid metabolism are also shown. R-2 UM Triglyceride biosynthesis. Note the enzymes involved at various stages. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 18 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM Chemical structure of amino acids. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 19 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 Chemical structure of amino acids. UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 20 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM The urea (ornithine) cycle that occurs in mammals. Note the interface with the Krebs citric acid cycle shown at the bottom. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 21 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 22 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 23 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 Trace mineral elements reported to be required by one or more animal species. UM Schematic diagram of overall metabolism of Ca. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 24 N, en ATA B. Regulatory pathway of dietary zinc processing by intestinal cells. (Dashed line denotes induction of metallothionenein th mRNA; thionein is metal-free metallothionein). y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 Regulatory pathway of dietary zinc processing by intestinal cells. (Dashed line denotes induction of metallothionenein mRNA; thionein is metal-free metallothionein). R-2 UM Schematic representation of iron metabolism in humans. RBC, red blood cells; R-E system, reticuloendothelial system. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 25 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM Schematic representation of some metabolic pathways of copper in humans. Numbers in the boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. The numbers next to the arrows refer to mg of Cu transversing the pathway each day. Cu-ALB, direct- reading fraction; CERULO, ceruloplasmin; NON-E, nonerythrocuprein; BM, bone marrow; RBC, red blood cell. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 26 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM Schematic representation of the hormonal control loop for vitamin D metabolism and function. A reduction in the serum Ca below about 8.8 mg/mL prompts a proportional increase in the secretion of parathyroid hormone, which enhances the mobilization of Ca stores from bone. Parathyroid hormone also promotes the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D in the kidney, which, in turn, stimulates the mobilization of Ca from the bone and its absorption from the intestine. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 27 Summary of Digestion N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 Energy disposition in the animal may be diagrammed as in the above. R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 28 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 29 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Enzymes and Digestive Juices Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 30 N, en ATA B. th y K AC Gastrointestinal Hormones ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 31 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 32 Metabolic Pathways of Different Nutrients N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in the rumen and lower intestinal tract of nonruminants. UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 33 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 The citric acid (Krebs) cycle through which carbohydrates are oxidized to release energy. UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 34 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 Interrelationships between glucose and lipid metabolism. UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 35 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Utilization of energy. Digestible energy is roughly comparable to total digestible nutrients. Body Condition Tim 60 R-2 UM A schematic representation of the effect of environmental temperature or thermoregulation by the animal. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 36 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 37 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 38 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 39 Composition of Different Feed Groups N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 40 Proximate Analysis of Feed Ingredients N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne Flow diagram for the proximate analysis. oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM Schematic diagram of energy utilization by animals. The reader should be aware that some publications have chosen to use different abbreviations and some added terminology. Those used in this figure have been in use many years. Losses of energy by way of the feces, urine, and gaseous products cannot be utilized or recovered by the animal (unless it practices coprophagy). Heat produced in the animal body – such as those items listed under ME or NE maintenance – can be useful in maintaining a stable body temperature unless the animal is in a heat-stress situation. Recovered energy may range from almost nil (hair, wool) to more than 30% of GE for high-producing dairy cows. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 41 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L A graphic illustration of energy terminology and the different systems of expressing energy value of feeds. The bar chart shows relative energy losses when a mixed diet is fed to a lactating dairy cow. Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 42 N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  A VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 43 B. Ke CAT Nutrient composition of common feed ingredients (as fed basis) ME, Kcal/ kg Feed ingredient Dry matter % Crude Protein % Crude fat % Crude fiber % Poultry Swine I. ENERGY SOURCES Banana meal, peeled 90.0 5.40 1.10 3.50 2600- 3100 2600-3550 eth Barley 88.7 11.3 2.10 5.40 2620-2760 2870-2940 Cassava meal, peeled 86.0 1.80 0.20 3.30 2400-3100 2800-3290 Corn, cooked 90.0 6.50 0.50 0.50 3695 3790 Corn, yellow (imported) 90.0 8.60 3.40 1.60 3500 3680 Corn, yellow (local) 87.7 7.80 3.10 2.80 3300-3310 3350-3665 thy 4 LA Oat, whole 88.5 11.3 4.40 11.4 2684 2780 Rice, broken 88.0 7.50 0.90 3.80 3100-3265 3080-3550 Sorghum 88.0 9.00 2.70 2.20 3300-3340 3250-3500 nn Sugar, brown 95.0 - - - 3620 3620-3800 Wheat flour, feed grade 88.6 13.8 1.90 1.00 3115-3395 3665-3940 Wheat, hard 89.2 12.7 1.70 2.60 3080-3120 3200-3600 II. PROTEIN SOURCES A. Animal and marine protein sources Blood meal, drum dried 90.0 80.0 1.00 0.50 3065 2850 Fish meal, Chilean 89.0 64.5 8.40 0.50 2800-3050 2500-3430 mo 02 Fish meal, Japanese red 93.0 68.5 5.40 0.40 2870 3180 Fish meal, local sardines 87.7 49.4 14.6 1.00 2500-2815 2150-3650 Fish meal, Peruvian 91.5 64.0 8.80 0.60 2700-3060 2350-3490 Fish meal, Prime 93.9 68.0 7.90 0.10 3170 3560 Meat and bone meal 94.0 50.0 10.0 1.70 2000-2390 1820-2750 Poultry by-product meal 94.0 50.0 16.5 2.50 2860-3050 2740-3510 Shrimp meal, shell 90.0 39.9 4.00 14.2 1560 2080 -26 Shrimp meal, head 92.0 46.5 3.70 13.7 1985 2365 B. Plant protein Canola meal 90.0 35.5 1.50 9.00 1900-1940 2900-2330 Ipil-ipil leaf meal 90.0 20.0 4.40 10.3 800-1775 1400-2465 Soy bean meal (US HP) 89.0 47.2 1.40 4.00 2500-2355 2950-2800 Soybean meal (US LP) 90.0 43.1 1.80 5.00 2240-2320 2850-2685 Soybean meal (China LP) 89.4 42.7 1.50 6.30 2200-2230 2800-2600 Soybean (Indian) 89.7 47.3 1.10 5.50 2240-2285 2850-2745 MR Sunflower seeds 93.5 16.5 36.4 21.4 3985 4000 UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  A VMLE Review Systems Animal Production & Nutrition Supplement 44 B. Ke CAT ME, Kcal/ kg Feed ingredient Dry matter % Crude Protein % Crude fat % Crude fiber % Poultry Swine C. Non-protein Nitrogen Urea 98.0 281.75 - - - - eth III. MILLING AND FACTORY BY- PRODUCTS Bakery by-products 92.8 11.1 9.6 2.00 3050 3800 Brewer’s dried spent grain 91.7 23.5 6.8 15.8 2510-2300 2240-2080 Brewer’s dried yeast 93.0 45.0 1.00 3.00 2515 2850 thy 4 LA Copra meal expeller 95.0 20.2 10.0 9.90 1800-2040 2850-2970 Corn bran 88.6 9.00 8.50 7.00 1400-3200 2600-3250 Corn germ meal, expeller dry 90.0 12.5 6.50 10.0 2300-2590 2600-2735 nn Corn germ meal, solvent wet 93.0 20.1 1.30 10.5 1700-2180 2900-2850 Corn gluten feed 88.0 18.0 2.30 9.50 1700-2185 2330-2355 Corn gluten meal 90.5 60.0 2.00 2.50 3690-3590 3530-3345 Molasses 75.0 2.90 - 8.80 1960-2350 2330-2455 Palm kernel meal 88.0 19.0 6.00 10.0 1665 2500 Rice bran, D1 91.9 12.4 13.3 4.50 2400-2895 3000-3600 Rice bran, D2 89.0 10.0 9.90 10.2 1600-2340 2600-2910 mo 02 Rice bran, defatted 92.3 20.1 3.20 7.20 2220 2590 Spaghetti trimmings 90.0 40.0 0.10 0.18 3675 3800 Wheat pollard, hard 88.5 16.5 3.50 9.00 1300-1950 2130-2520 Wheat pollard, soft 88.5 14.5 2.30 8.50 1600-2040 2400-2560 IV. DAIRY SOY PRODUCTS Butter milk powder, dried 89.0 32.0 5.00 0.30 2170 3000 Skimmilk powder, dried 94.2 33.5 0.50 - 2510 3400-3220 -26 Sweet whey powder 95.4 12.0 0.60 - 1910-2515 3100-3175 Whole milk powder 96.5 25.0 26.0 0.10 1900 4870 V. FATS AND OILS Acidulated oil (Acid oil) 98.0 - 98.0 - 7600 7600 Canola oil 99.0 - 99.0 - 8000 7900- 8000 Coconut oil 99.0 - 99.0 - 8600-8000 7900-8000 Corn oil 99.0 - 99.0 - 7800 8000 Fish oil 99.0 - 99.0 - 8000 7900-7800 MR Palm kernel oil 99.0 - 99.0 - 8000-7800 7800-8000 Soybean oil 99.0 - 99.0 - 8600-7800 8000 Tallow 98.0 - 98.0 - 7800-7700 7800-7900 UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 45 Alternative Animal Production ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING B. PHILSAN nutrient recommendations for milkfish (Chanos chanos) ------------------------------------------------------------------- C. Vitamin requirements for warmwater finfish REVIEW OUTLINE (per kilogram feed) ------------------------------------------------------------------- I. DIPLOID NUMBER (2n) OF CHROMOSOMES , ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING FOR COMMON DOMESTIC ANIMALS Diploid Number (2n) of Chromosomes for N II. IMPORTANT TRAITS IN VETERINARY Common Domestic Animals MEDICINE SPECIES Number (2n) A. Some Traits and Their Respective Phenotypes Turkey 82 en ATA and Genotypes in Animals Ducks 80 B. Examples of Dominant and Recessive Traits Chicken 78 B. Controlled by Singe-Genes in Domestic Dog 78 Animals Camel 74 C. Quantitative Traits (Multiple Genes) in Animals and their Heritability Estimates Horse 64 D. Some complete dominant and recessive traits Donkey 62 th in animals Cattle 60 E. Some incomplete or partial dominance traits in y K AC animals F. Some dominant and recessive traits controlled by single genes in domestic animals III. THE CYCLE OF GENE PROCESSES IN THE Goat Sheep River Buffalo Swamp Buffalo 60 54 50 48 ne INHERITANCE AND EXPRESSION OF TRAITS Human 46 BY THE ENVIRONMENT Rabbit 44 Rat (Rattus) 42 oth 24 L IV. GENE DISORDERS A. Some Single-gene Disorders (Genetic Mouse (Mus) 40 Disease) in Domestic Animals Pig 40 B. Some single Gene Sex-Linked Genetic Cat 38 Diseases in animals Some Traits and Their Respective Phenotypes C. Some Autosomal Single Gene Disorders and Genotypes in Animals (Genetic Disease) in Domestic Animals Trait Possible Genotype D. Some Familial/ Multifactorial Disorders and Phenotypes Heritability of Liability in Domestic Animals Animal sex Male, female XY, XX V. PCR Presence of Horns Horned, polled pp, PP, Pp Tim 60 A. PCR principle Genetic disorder Abnormal, Aa, aa, AA B. Basic Steps in DNA Extraction (for Total or normal Genomic Animal DNA) Weight gain 50g/ d, 100 50, 100, 150 g/d, 150 g/d OTHER/ALTERNATIVE ANIMAL PRODUCTION Examples of Dominant and Recessive Traits Controlled by Singe-Genes in Domestic Animals ------------------------------------------------------------------- R-2 Species Dominant trait Recessive trait REVIEW OUTLINE Poultry Barred plumage Non-barred ------------------------------------------------------------------- Swine Erect ears Drooped ears Cattle Polledness Horned I. BISONS Sheep Wooly fleece Hairy fleece A. Parts of the Bison Horses Bay Non-bay (black) II. RABBITS Dogs black yellow A. Some representative Breeds of Rabbits Quantitative Traits (Multiple Genes) in Animals B. Some Common Health Problems of Rabbits UM and their Heritability Estimates III. RATITES QUANTITATIVE TRAITS Heritability (%) A. Common Symptoms of Problems Found in Hatch waste Breakout in Ratites (Ostrich, Emu, Production traits Rhea, Cassowary, Kiwi) Birth and Weaning weight (pig) 10 B. Suggested minimum Nutrient Milk production (dairy cattle) 25 recommendations for growing ostrich Fleece weight (sheep) 388 C. Suggested minimum Nutrient Egg production (poultry) 35 recommendations for growing ostrich Egg weight (poultry) 60 IV. FISH Postweaning wt. gain (feedlot 50 A. PHILSAN nutrient recommendations for tilapia cattle) (Tilapia sp) Feed efficiency (pigs) 30 UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 46 Alternative Animal Production Some incomplete or partial dominance traits in QUANTITATIVE TRAITS Heritability (%) animals Carcass Traits Disorder Deficient Phenotypic description for NN, Backfat thickness (pigs) 50 name Protein Nn and nn clinical biochemical Loin eye area (pig) 60 phenotype phenotype , Carcass length (pig) 55 Albinism tyrosinase normal, high or normal, N Percent ham (pig) 40 normal, albino 50%, no activity Percent lean cuts (beef cattle) 60 Citrullin- AS normal, high or normal, Tenderness (beef cattle) 50 emia synthetas normal, 50%, no activity e abnormal en ATA Marbling (beef cattle) 50 Type and Conformation Hemo- Coagulat- normal, high or normal, philia ion factor normal, 50%, no activity B. Conformation score (pig) 50 hemophiliac Number of functional teats 45 Henny Aroma- normal, high or normal, Shank length (poultry) 45 Feather- tase normal, hen 50%, no activity Body depth (poultry) 45 ing feather Withers height (horse) 30 Reproductive Efficiency Some dominant and recessive traits controlled by th Services per conception (cattle) 5 single genes in domestic animals y K AC Calving interval and calf crop (cattle) Litter size (pig) Egg hatchability (poultry) 10 10 10 Species poultry Dominant trait  barred plumage  white skin  broodiness Recessive trait  non-barred  yellow skin  non-broodiness ne Birth weight (beef cattle) 40 swine  black hair  red hair Health and Soundness/ Fitness  erect ears  drooped ears oth 24 L Longevity (dairy cattle) 10  cloven hooves  mulefoot Livability (poultry) 10 cattle  polledness  horned Heat tolerance (dairy cattle) 20  black haircoat  red haircoat Mastitis resistance (dairy cattle) 25  normal muscling  double muscling Survival (salmon/trout) 5 sheep  wooly fleece  hairy fleece Draft power and running  white wool  black wool performance (except black Pulling power (horse) 25 breeds) Horse riding performance 20 horses  straight hair  curly hair (jumping/ dressage)  bay  non-bay (black) Tim 60 Thoroughbred racing (log of 50  black coat  chestnut or sorrel earnings) dogs  black (Labrador  yellow Walking speed (horse) 40 retriever)  albinism Behavioral  normal skin  myasthenia gravis Temperament (horse) 30 pigmentation Excitabiliy (dairy cattle) 30  normal R-2 Some complete dominant and recessive traits in The cycle of gene processes in the inheritance animals and expression of traits by the environment Autosomal Dominant Recessive ENVIRONMENT Management & traits Gene/ Gene/ GENE Nutrition Phenotype Phenotype INTERACTION Coat color in Black (B) White or Yellow dogs (b) TRAIT GENE EXPRESSION UM INHERITANCE & & REGULATION Polledness in Polled (P) Horned (p) EXPRESSION cattle Molecular Syndactyly in Fused digits (S) Normal digits tools Selection & Holstein F (s) Breeding K88 + E.coli Susceptible (K) Not or less GENE TRANSMISSION susceptibility susceptible (k) Lethal gene Normal (+) Death/ disease (e) UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 47 Alternative Animal Production Some Single-gene Disorders (Genetic Disease) in swine Malignant hyperthermia syndrome Domestic Animals porphyria Species Name of Disorder/ Genetic disease vitamin D – resistant rickets Chicken Restricted ovulator (VLDL deficiency) Von Willebrand disease Cattle Dwarfism (pituitary deficiency) horses hyperkalemic periodic paralysis Haemophilia , Swine Malignant hyperthermia syndrome Exostosis, multiple N (mutation in ryanodine receptor, RyR1 gene) Hirschsprung disease (lethal white overo) Horses Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (skeletal dog Dysplasia, rod-cone muscle Na channel gene mutation) Hypoprothrombinaemia en ATA Dog Hemolytic anemia (phosphofructokinase Neutropenia, cyclic deficiency) Hypotrichosis (hairlessness) B. Cat Hemophilia B (coagulation factor IX Legg-Calve-Perthes disease deficiency) cat Gyrate atrophy retina Retinal degeneration (rhodopsin Some single Gene Sex-Linked Genetic Diseases deficiency) in animals tetatic torticollar spasms th X-linked or Z-linked Cause/ disorders Deficiency Some Familial/ Multifactorial Disorders and Dogs y K ACHemophilia A and B Deficiency in factor VIII and IX Heritability of Liability in Domestic Animals Familial/ Multifactorial Genetic Disorders Heritability of Liability (%) ne Muscular Dystrophy Deficiency in Dog dystrophin Hip displacia 35 shaking Deficiency in Calcified intervertebral discs 20 oth 24 L proteolipid Elbow osteochondrosis 50 protein Pig Carpal subluxation Cryptorchidism 55 Severe Hernia 50 immunodeficiency Horse Chickens analphaliproteinaemia HDL deficiency Tibiotarsal joint osteochondrosis 50 imperfect albinism Bony fragment at palmar/ 20 congenital baldness plantar met-phalangeal joints blood ring Cattle bloat 10 Tim 60 paroxysm Turkey Titanic torticollar cystic ovaries 10 spasms displaced abomasum 10 foot problems 10 Vibrator ketosis 20 Blood ring metritis 5 Cat Testicular Androgen milk fever 40 feminization receptor R-2 retained placenta 5 abnormality Chicken Pig Congenital tremor tibial dyschondroplasia 45 type A III Duck Sheep Inverdale fecundity chronic interstitial nephropathy 45 Turkey Some Autosomal Single Gene Disorders (Genetic tibial dyschondroplasia 15 Disease) in Domestic Animals Species Name of Disorder/ genetic disease UM PCR principle chicken Henny feathering (aromatase deficiency) 1. Isolate DNA Restricted ovulator (VLDL deficiency) 2. Denature and anneal primers Achromatosis (partial feathering) 3. Primer extension Hyperbilirubinemia 4. Denature and anneal primers scalelessness 5. Primer extension cattle Syndactyl 6. Denature and anneal primers Dwarfism, pituitary 7. Primer extension Atresia coli 8. Repeat cycles Myoclonus Citrullinaemia UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 48 Alternative Animal Production Basic Steps in DNA Extraction (for Total or Genomic Animal DNA) Step/ Materials & Definition/ Step/ Materials & Definition/ Procedure Reagents Purpose Procedure Reagents Purpose NaCl, Monovalent I. Tissue NaOAc, cations in salts to Preparation , NH4Cl maintain ionic A. Washing sterile water to remove N strength and later adhering debris facilitate alcohol from whole tissues precipitate buffered to remove medium III. Enzyme Proteinase K non-specific en ATA saline from tissues in Digestion enzyme for culture general protein B. B. Liquid N2, physical mincing/ digestion Homogenization mortar & grinding, flash Ribonucleas to degrade RNA of whole tissues pestle, freezing e/ RNase homogenizer IV. Organic Phenol and to denature , blender Solvent chloroform proteins added th C. Trypsination trypsin to detach adhering Extraction of tissues in cells from tissue Isoamyl to prevent foaming y K AC culture II. Cell lysis cell lysis buffer culture Lyse cells and maintain pH V. Precipitation alcohol Absolute and aids layer separation DNA precipitation ne glucose/sucr lyse by osmotic of DNA alcohol and to wash DNA ose shock (ethanol 4C pellet removing tris-HCl maintain PH or salts and small oth 24 L EDTA chelate divalent isopropanol) organic molecules cations & 70% SDS (Na strong detergent ethanol) dodecyl to disrupt cell Tris-EDTA to resuspend DNA sulfate) membrane by buffer for storage destroying native protein structure Tim 60 OTHER / ALTERNATIVE ANIMAL PRODUCTION I. BISONS R-2 UM Parts of the bison. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 49 Alternative Animal Production II. RABBITS Some Representative Breeds of Rabbits. N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Some Common Health Problems of Rabbits. Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 50 Alternative Animal Production …continuation from previous page. N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 51 Alternative Animal Production III. RATITES Common Symptoms of Problems Found in Hatch Waste Breakout in Ratites (Ostrich, Emu, Rhea, Cassowary, Kiwi). N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 52 Alternative Animal Production N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 IV. FISH R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Animal Genetics, Breeding and Other/ 53 Alternative Animal Production N, en ATA B. th y K AC ne oth 24 L Tim 60 R-2 UM UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Swine Production Supplemental Materials 54 SWINE PRODUCTION II. PARTS OF A HOG ------------------------------------------------------------------- REVIEW OUTLINE ------------------------------------------------------------------- , I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PIG N II. PARTS OF A HOG III. TERMS USED WITH PIGS IV. SWINE BREEDS en ATA A. Origins of Swine B. Pigs of today B. 1. Philippine Native Breed 2. Landrace 3. Large White/ Yorkshire 4. Hampshire III. TERMS USED WITH PIGS 5. Duroc th 6. Berkshire 7. Pietrain y K AC8. Vietnamese Potbellied Pig 9. Meishan V. BREEDING SYSTEMS A. Purebreeding ne B. Crossbreeding 1. Triple Cross pigs IV. SWINE BREEDS oth 24 L C. Inbreeding 1. Two- and three- breed rotational programs Origins of Swine D. Hybrids Eurasian breeds VI. MATING SYSTEMS Sus scrofa A. Natural mating Earliest animal to be domesticated B. Artificial insemination Associated with settled tribes and farmers 1. Advantages rather than nomadic ones 2. Limitations 3. Procedure Pigs of today VII. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Vital aspect of economy Tim 60 A. Breeding Often makes use of crossbreeds to maximize 1. Boar usage their productivity 2. Reproductive problems Increase in production and population also B. Housing and Equipment spells increased spread and resurfacing of C. Boar management old and new diseases D. Gilt and Sow Management Philippine Native breed E. Litter management R-2 Either black or black with a white belly F. Medication program Varieties such as Ilocos and Jalajala. The VIII. METHODS OF FATTENING Berkjala, Diani, Kaman, Koronadel and A. All-in, all-out method B. Moving-up method Libtong breeds were all developed from this C. Combination breed IX. GROWING TO MARKETING AGE Known to be extinct A. Feeding systems Very prolific B. Marketing Sexual maturity as early as 4 to 5 months UM C. Slaughtering Very poor feed conversion ratio -------------------------------------------------------------- Weak pasterns Landrace I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PIG American, Danish, Finnish, German – Depends on the country where it is prduced (Large White crossing with a native pig of a country) White in color, large drooped ears Very good mothering ability High fertility 16-17 pairs of ribs UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Swine Production Supplemental Materials 55 Good milking abilities Very thin backfat Long body Weak hindlegs because of the well-muscled Long and relatively straight snout ham The hair color of the American Landrace Slow growth rate and very susceptible to must be white stress , Dark skin spots are considered undesirable When crossed with Duroc N Weak hindlegs and pasterns Can be used as a terminal sire Large White/ Yorkshire Vietnamese Potbellied Pig Originated in England Dwarf swine breed from Vietnam en ATA Good mothering ability Full growth is not reached until about 5 years Milking abilities of age B. High fertility Colors range from solid black to solid white, Increased backfat thickness with a variety of spots in between – Especially during lactation Considered as pets Large White Meishan Erect medium ears From China th Legs are strong and sturdy Slow growing and very fat animal y K AC Hampshire Black and is characterized by a white band around the hearth girth and front legs Excellent feed efficiency, length and ham-loin ▫ For production of lard Have a very good taste Very prolific ▫ 2 litters in a year ne percent 15-17 litter size Low litter size at birth and at weaning oth 24 L Poor mothering ability V. BREEDING SYSTEMS Late maturity Color of the animal is usually associated Purebreeding (assumed) by the consumers with the color – Mating of two purebreed animals (but of of the meat the same breed) Duroc – Purebred animal is defined as a member Light golden to very dark red in color of a breed which possesses a common Head is small in proportion to the body ancestry and distinctive characteristics Medium sized drooping ears and a short and Either registered or eligible for Tim 60 straight snout registration in that breed Good growth rate and feed efficiency Crossbreeding Good muscle quality and is most resistant to ▫ Mating of two individuals belonging to stress different breeds The terminal sire choice for the production of ▫ To take advantage of heterosis or hybrid slaughter pigs vigor R-2 Have a strong tendency to develop a well-  To elicit desirable characteristics of arched back parenteral breeds Berkshire ▫ Recommended for production of Black breed with six points market/slaughter hogs – Four feet, tail and the snout ▫ Benefits Medium, fairly erect ears  Increase in size and weight of litters Short but well-dished snout at birth and at weaning Small litter size at birth and at weaning  Increase in the survival rates of the UM Thick backfat piglets Late maturity  Improvement of the growth rate of Black skin growing to finishing pigs Preferred breed in Japan Note: Success of crossbreeding depends on the Pietrain superiority of the parent stocks! Mostly spotted black and white Large white x Landrace (2-way crossbreeding) Medium sized ears pointed upwards or sometimes slight drooping Triple cross pigs Moderately log and slightly dished snout Three-breed crossbreeding Known for its good muscle development n Most practical and popular scheme for the the ham, loin and shoulder production of slaughter pigs UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Swine Production Supplemental Materials 56 N, en ATA B. th y K AC Hybrids ne synthetic breeds produced through genetic engineering for the purpose of taking advantage of heterosis oth 24 L ▫ Most hybrids introduced into the country do not have distinguishing physical characteristics ▫ Most of them are white with good muscle development Advantages:  Better fertility Inbreeding  Highly prolific – Mating of individuals that are closely  Produce bigger and more uniform litters Tim 60 related to each other by ancestry  Heavier piglets – Should be avoided Sound record keeping should be Hybrids employed to determine relationships Babcock of sires and dams in the herd Hypor New Dalland R-2 Seghers Upgrades Kaman Diani Two- and three-breed rotational programs Berkjala A form of inbreeding due to familial linkage Miracle pig UM Criteria for accreditation of breeder farms Must be a registered business entity Must have facilities for performance testing of selected genetically superior animals Must have records of pedigree and performance of individual animals Must have sustained appropriate medical and vaccination programs for diseases Must have a full time husbandryman or veterinarian UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Swine Production Supplemental Materials 57 Must be certified as brucellosis and leptospirosis free VI. MATING SYSTEMS Several kinds of mating systems , Natural mating N Artificial insemination Natural mating Bringing the boar to mate an “in-heat” gilt or en ATA sow then separating the two after mating Good record keeping is a must Training of Boar B. If with assistance, you call it hand mating 6 ½ to 7 months Reasons for doing hand mating Check the behavior and desired Allows procedures to easy identify which characteristics of the boar sow or gilt was bred and which is not Always check the record and its pedigree Permits the prediction of the farrowing Check the semen quality and quantity th date Check for any abnormalities like the size of Alllow producers to easily determine the y K AC reproductive performance of the sow Artificial insemination Most practical and efficient method to carry testes and insufficient erection – As well as other physical abnormalities ne out genetic improvement in the herd Generally depends on the genetic superiority of the boar oth 24 L Depends on the following: ▫ largely on the accuracy of heat detection and timing of insemination ▫ Proper handling of semen and its processing