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Questions and Answers
What is a BROILER in animal production?
What is a BROILER in animal production?
Jack is the term used for female mink.
Jack is the term used for female mink.
False
Define Homeostasis.
Define Homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of physiological stability even though the environment may change.
Capon is a type of poultry meat from surgically castrated male chicken weighing $$-$$ kg.
Capon is a type of poultry meat from surgically castrated male chicken weighing $$-$$ kg.
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What organ is small in the dog and absent in carnivores like the mink?
What organ is small in the dog and absent in carnivores like the mink?
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Where is the site of production of acid digestive enzymes in the stomach of a pig?
Where is the site of production of acid digestive enzymes in the stomach of a pig?
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The lymphatic system is shown in the diagram of nutrient absorption.
The lymphatic system is shown in the diagram of nutrient absorption.
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What is the primary purpose of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle?
What is the primary purpose of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle?
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Which of the following are protein sources of animal and marine origin? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are protein sources of animal and marine origin? (Select all that apply)
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In the pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the rumen and lower intestinal tract of nonruminants, digestible energy is roughly comparable to total digestible __________.
In the pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the rumen and lower intestinal tract of nonruminants, digestible energy is roughly comparable to total digestible __________.
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What is the protein content (%) of Brewer’s dried spent grain?
What is the protein content (%) of Brewer’s dried spent grain?
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What is the moisture content (%) of Brewer’s dried yeast?
What is the moisture content (%) of Brewer’s dried yeast?
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Which oil has a higher melting point, Palm kernel oil or Soybean oil?
Which oil has a higher melting point, Palm kernel oil or Soybean oil?
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Cattle have 60 chromosomes. Is this statement true or false?
Cattle have 60 chromosomes. Is this statement true or false?
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What is the deficiency in Hemophilia B?
What is the deficiency in Hemophilia B?
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Which genetic disease is caused by a deficiency in dystrophin?
Which genetic disease is caused by a deficiency in dystrophin?
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Is Hemophilia A characterized by a deficiency in factor VIII?
Is Hemophilia A characterized by a deficiency in factor VIII?
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What is marbling in lean meat?
What is marbling in lean meat?
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What is the primary usage of SQL? Database ________.
What is the primary usage of SQL? Database ________.
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Which term is used for a young female horse?
Which term is used for a young female horse?
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Bulls are generally mature after puberty.
Bulls are generally mature after puberty.
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Match the following: A young female goat, A male chicken kept for breeding purposes, Meat from young sheep
Match the following: A young female goat, A male chicken kept for breeding purposes, Meat from young sheep
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The digestive tract of the cow is that of a ______.
The digestive tract of the cow is that of a ______.
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What are some examples of quantitative traits mentioned in the content?
What are some examples of quantitative traits mentioned in the content?
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What are some examples of single gene traits mentioned in the content?
What are some examples of single gene traits mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following are examples of dominant traits in animals?
Which of the following are examples of dominant traits in animals?
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______ is a genetic disorder found in horses, characterized by skeletal muscle Na channel gene mutation.
______ is a genetic disorder found in horses, characterized by skeletal muscle Na channel gene mutation.
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What are the Parts of a Hog according to the Review Outline?
What are the Parts of a Hog according to the Review Outline?
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Which breeds of pigs are mentioned under the category 'Swine Breeds'? (Select all that apply)
Which breeds of pigs are mentioned under the category 'Swine Breeds'? (Select all that apply)
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American Landrace pigs are known for their black color and a white band around the hearth girth and front legs.
American Landrace pigs are known for their black color and a white band around the hearth girth and front legs.
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Crossbreeding involves mating of two individuals belonging to __________ breeds.
Crossbreeding involves mating of two individuals belonging to __________ breeds.
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Match the pig breeds with their characteristics:
Match the pig breeds with their characteristics:
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What are hybrids?
What are hybrids?
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What are some advantages of hybrids?
What are some advantages of hybrids?
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What are the criteria for accreditation of breeder farms? (Select all that apply)
What are the criteria for accreditation of breeder farms? (Select all that apply)
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What mating system involves bringing the boar to mate an 'in-heat' gilt or sow then separating them after mating?
What mating system involves bringing the boar to mate an 'in-heat' gilt or sow then separating them after mating?
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Hand mating allows easy identification of which sow or gilt was bred and which was not.
Hand mating allows easy identification of which sow or gilt was bred and which was not.
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Study Notes
Animal Production and Nutrition
- Broiler: a young meat type of chicken of either sex, usually up to 6-8 weeks of age, weighing 1.3-2.2 kg.
- Roaster: a meat type of chicken of either sex, typically 3-5 months of age, weighing about 2.95 kg average live weight.
- Squab: a young immature pigeon, usually up to 30 days old.
- Squab Broiler: a meat type chicken sold at 0.9-1.1 kg (2-2.5 lb) live weight, usually smaller than broiler and sold whole body.
- Capone: a cockerel or type of poultry meat from surgically castrated male chicken, weighing 3.6-4.5 kg.
- Keet: a young guinea fowl.
- Rattle: big birds (ostrich, emu, Rhea) known for their red meat and skins (for leather).
- Kosher Meat: meat from ruminants with split hooves, slaughtered according to Jewish practices and law.
- Sire: refers to the male parent.
- Dam: refers to the female parent.
- Rutting: refers to the breeding process or mating in goats.
Digestion System of Farm Animals
- Carnivores: have a short digestive tract and a large liver, and are adapted to a high-protein diet.
- Herbivores: have a longer digestive tract and a larger cecum, and are adapted to a high-fiber diet.
- Nutrients: include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals.
- Gastrointestinal Hormones: regulate digestion and nutrient absorption.
Animal Terms
- Buffalo: a domestic horned ungulate belonging to the genus Bubalus, also known as water buffalo, Asiatic buffaloes, carabao, etc.
- Donkey: a close relative of the horse, also known as ass or burro (Equus asinus).
- Mule: produced from crossing a jackass with a mare, and is reproductively sterile.
- Hinny: produced from crossing a stallion with a jennet, and is reproductively sterile.
- Pony: a small-type horse, under 14.2 hands (~57 inches) in height at the withers.
Principles of Animal Nutrition
- Proximate Analysis: a method of analyzing the nutritional content of feed ingredients.
- Vitamins and Mineral Deficiencies: can lead to various health problems in animals.
- Composition of Different Feed Groups: includes energy, protein, fiber, and other nutrients.
Common Animal Production and Husbandry Terms
- Acclimatization: adaptation to environment over a period of time.
- Ad-libitum: as desired by the animal; self-fed.
- Aquaculture: the production of fish and other marine products in a controlled environment.
- Biosecurity: a planned system to prevent entry and spread of diseases in a flock or herd.
- Broodiness: the tendency of hens to nest and incubate eggs.
- And many more...### Reproductive Traits
- Age at puberty varies among animals:
- Caracow (carabao): 10-36 months
- Doe (rabbit): 5-8 months
- Queen (cat): 7-12 months
- Bitch (dog): 6-12 months
- Jill (mink): 10 months
- Length of estrus cycle:
- Caracow (carabao): 12-36 hours
- Doe (rabbit): continuous estrus
- Queen (cat): 4-10 days
- Bitch (dog): 4-14 days
- Jill (mink): 2 days
- Gestation period:
- Caracow (carabao): 320-325 days
- Doe (rabbit): 30 days
- Queen (cat): 62 days
- Bitch (dog): 60 days
- Jill (mink): 58 days
Breeding Age or Target Weight
- Cattle:
- Heifers: 18-20 months to 2 years
- Bulls: at least 2 years (or at least 250-300 kg BW)
- Buffalo:
- Philippine: 2 years 4 months to 2 years 6 months
- Murrah: 3 ½ years
- Crosses/grades: 2 years 4 months
- Swine:
- Gilts: 8 months or 113.4 kg BW
- Boars: 9 months
- Goat:
- Does: 8-10 months of age
Digestive System
- Differences between carnivores and herbivores
- Digestive tract configurations:
- Rainbow trout (carnivore): Y-shaped stomach
- Catfish (omnivore): pouched stomach
- Carp (omnivore): no stomach
- Milkfish (microphagous planktivore): tubular stomach with muscular gizzard
Nutrient Absorption and Excretion
- Diagram of routes of nutrient absorption, flow of nutrients and fluids in the body, and routes of excretion
- Lymph system not shown
Water Requirements
- Water requirements of European and Indian cattle as affected by increasing temperatures
Lipid Metabolism
- Fatty acid biosynthesis:
- Enzymes involved at various stages
- Interrelationships between glucose and lipid metabolism
- Triglyceride biosynthesis:
- Enzymes involved at various stages
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Chemical structure of amino acids
- The urea (ornithine) cycle that occurs in mammals:
- Interface with the Krebs citric acid cycle
Trace Mineral Elements
- Required by one or more animal species
- Schematic diagram of overall metabolism of Ca
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
- Various deficiencies and their effects on animal health### Animal Production and Nutrition
- The composition of different feed groups includes:
- Energy sources (e.g., banana meal, barley, cassava meal, corn, oat)
- Protein sources (e.g., animal and marine protein sources, plant protein sources)
- Non-protein nitrogen sources (e.g., urea)
- Milling and factory by-products (e.g., bakery by-products, brewer's dried spent grain, corn bran)
- Dairy soy products (e.g., butter milk powder, skimmilk powder, sweet whey powder)
- Fats and oils (e.g., acidulated oil, canola oil, coconut oil, corn oil, fish oil)
Proximate Analysis of Feed Ingredients
- Proximate analysis is a method of estimating the energy value of feeds
- Losses of energy by way of feces, urine, and gaseous products cannot be utilized or recovered by the animal
- Heat produced in the animal body can be useful in maintaining a stable body temperature unless the animal is in a heat-stress situation
Energy Terminology
- Different systems of expressing energy value of feeds include:
- Gross Energy (GE)
- Metabolizable Energy (ME)
- Net Energy (NE)
- Energy losses when a mixed diet is fed to a lactating dairy cow can be estimated using a bar chart
Nutrient Composition of Common Feed Ingredients
- The nutrient composition of different feed ingredients is presented in a table, including:
- Dry matter (%)
- Crude protein (%)
- Crude fat (%)
- Crude fiber (%)
- ME (kcal/kg)
Animal Genetics and Breeding
- The diploid number (2n) of chromosomes for common domestic animals includes:
- Turkey: 82
- Ducks: 80
- Chicken: 78
- Dog: 78
- Camel: 74
- Horse: 64
- Donkey: 62
- Cattle: 60
- Goat: 60
- Sheep: 60
- River Buffalo: 60
- Swamp Buffalo: 60
- Human: 46
- Rabbit: 44
- Rat (Rattus): 42
- Mouse (Mus): 40
- Pig: 40
- Cat: 38
Gene Disorders
- Single-gene disorders (genetic diseases) in domestic animals include:
- Autosomal single gene disorders
- Sex-linked genetic diseases
- Familial/multifactorial disorders
- Examples of dominant and recessive traits controlled by single genes in domestic animals include:
- Animal sex
- Presence of horns
- Genetic disorder
- Weight gain
PCR
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences
- The basic steps in DNA extraction (for total or genomic animal DNA) include:
- Sample collection
- Cell lysis
- Protein removal
- DNA extraction
- Purification
Other/Alternative Animal Production
- Bisons are an alternative animal production option
- Poultry, swine, cattle, and sheep are common domestic animals
- Examples of dominant and recessive traits controlled by single genes in domestic animals include:
- Barred plumage and non-barred plumage in poultry
- Erect ears and drooped ears in swine
- Polledness and horned in cattle
- Wooly fleece and hairy fleece in sheep
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Description
Review principles of animal production and nutrition in preparation for the veterinarian licensure exam. Topics include broiler production, animal nutrition, and more.
