21st Century Literature PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE What is Literature? their living by growing rice in clearings on the mountain side and by hunting...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE What is Literature? their living by growing rice in clearings on the mountain side and by hunting Literature is derived from the Latin term wild pig in the forest. LITERA which means LETTER. - “The Widow's Son” is a short story set in Literature deals with ideas, thoughts and an isolated Irish village that tells the emotions of a man, literature can be said to story of a poor, illiterate widow and her be the story of man. son, Packy. The unnamed widow is industrious and works hard to provide for PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD her son using her limited means; she Oral Traditions raises chickens, forages for mushrooms, and spends back-breaking hours toiling - Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human to make her small farm profitable. Her communication in which knowledge, art, ideas hard work has made he gruff and cold; and culture are received, preserved, and although she loves her son dearly, she transmitted orally from one generation to does not know how to express her another. affection, which ultimately leads to - Written on leaves, tree trunks, and caves disaster. Frenderick Starr Epic Ages - A compiler and editor of “A little Book of Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) - It depicts Filipino Riddles” written in 1909 bravery, sacrifice, heroism, justice, love, romance, Philippine folk takes, epics, poems, and chants existed relationship, journey and friendship which is reflective in most ethnolinguistic groups and were passed from to our traits, attitudes and values. generation through word of mouth. Maragtas - Ang epikong Maragtas ay kasaysayan ng Pre- colonial literary pieces transferred in traditional sampung magigiting, matatapang at mararangal na narratives, speeches and songs. datu. Ang kasaysayan ng kanilang paglalakbay mula Borneo patungo sa pulo ng Panay ay buong kasiyahan - Gaddang at pagmamamalaking isinalaysay ng mga taga- Panay. - Illocano - Tagalog Parang Sabil - Párang sábil ang tawag sa mga - Pangasinense patulang salaysay ng mga Tausug ng arkipelago ng - Bisaya Sulu. Ang parang sabil din ay katumbas ng epikong- bayan sa wikang Filipino. Mula ito sa dalawang Folk Tales salitang Tausug: ang perang na nangangahulugang digmaan o kayâ’y espada at sabil na nagmula sa - A folktale is a fictional story that has sabilullah, ibig sabihin ay “sa pamamaraan ni Allah.” been orally passed down over hundreds, Kung kayâ masasabing ang kahulugan ng parang sabil sometimes thousands, of years. ay “lumaban gamit ang espada ayon sa kagustuhan ni Tinguian Folktale (Abra) by Fay-Cooper Cole Allah” o kayâ “pakikidigma ayon sa kagustuhan ni Allah”. - The Tinguian tribe numbers about twenty thousand individuals, most of Folk Songs whom are found in the sub-province of Kundiman - is the classic form of Filipino love song Abra, and in the mountains of Ilocos Sur Kumintang o Tagumpay – Ito ay awit sa and Norte. pakikipagdigma Literary Works Dalit o Imno – Awit ng papuri, luwalhati, kaligayahan, The Widow’s Son by: Mabel Cook Cole o pasasalamat - In a little house at the edge of a village Oyayi o Hele – Pampatulog lived a widow with her only son, and they were very happy together. The son was kind to his mother, and they made Tanaga Salubong - Salubong (Tagalog for “meeting”) is a traditional Filipino devotion that reenacts the - Tanaga has 4 lines with seven syllables each line. encounter of the risen Christ with his mother. - It can also have rhymes schemes like AABB and Literary Forms ABAB. Religious – literary pieces included Dalit catechism or the teachings of Catholics. - The dalit is a type of short Filipino poem, Pasion – long narrative about the consisting of four lines with eight syllables each. passion, death, and resurrection of - Dalit Poetry is the reflection of the agonized self Jesus Christ of the marginalized strata of the society. Cenaculo – dramatization of the pasion Secular – nonreligious literature SPANISH PERIOD (1566-1871) Songs – colorful tales made to sing and Religious and secular prose and poetry were chant introduced. Abuses of the friars Alibata - Alibata was the ancient writing system used Labor in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization. It originated from Indian scripts and was composed of 17 Taxation basic symbols including 3 vowels and 14 consonants. Sexual Abuse Education Polo Y Servicio - Forced labor without compensation. All men 16-60 years old forced to to heavy works. POLISTA Taxation - Spaniards tend to have heavy taxes known Leron, Leron Sinta - European legends and traditions as tribute and the BANDALA. brought in the country became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. Bandala - Annual forced sale. Dandansoy - Dandansoy is traditional visayan folk Education – Limited the education degree as well as song that is originated from visayas region/ Culasi. t is its teaching. considered a lullaby or a song to soothe and make children fall asleep. Even though it came from the Visayas, it is now considered a classic Filipino The Filipino spirit reawakened when 3 priest Gomez, folksong that is known and sung in all parts of the Burgos, Zamora were guillotined without sufficient country and even taught in schools. evidence of guilt. Pamulinawen - The term pamulinawen translates to Propaganda Movement 1872- 1896 "alabaster", a very type of stone. It is used as the woman's name in the song, signifying her hardened - This movement who used writings and heart. orations as their weapons and change. Recreational Plays The objectives of this movement The word “cenaculo” (or cenacle) is derived from To get equal treatment for the Filipino and Spanish and describes the place where Jesus and his the Spaniards under the law disciples celebrated the Last Supper. To restore Filipino representation Filipinize the parishes Panunuluyan - Ang panunulúyan ay tradisyonal na Filipino Freedom dula sa bisperas ng Pasko hinggil sa paghahanap ng matutuluyan nina Birheng Maria at San Jose sa Herusalem at pagsisilang kay Hesus sa isang sabsaban.  Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Born in Bulacan - Wealthy and owns several farms, fishponds, and mills. - His father was a municipal mayor and clerk of provincial governor. - Bachelor of Arts and Colegio de San Jose Manila and pursued law. - Plaridel - Pen name - Diariong Tagalog – 1882 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda - He was accused of being subversive and - He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started warrant for arrest was issued. medicine at UST - He left for Madrid, Spain 1888 - June 19, 1861, Calamba, Laguna - He succeeded Graciano Lopez Jaena as - He died December 30, 1896 Editor of La Solidaridad - Universidad Central de Madrid – Medicine - He died in poverty and sickness in 1896 Noli Me Tangere “Touch Me Not” - His remains were brought back to the - Rizal finished the novel on December 1886 It Philippines 1920 was eventually printed in Berlin, Germany Dasalan at Tocsohan Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos - to expose the corruption and abuse of - Essay / La Solidaridad Madrid, Spain power by Spanish friars during the - Rizal wrote this essay to defend the Spanish colonial period in the Filipinos from the charge that they were Philippines. born indolent. - Essay predicting the increasing influence AMERICAN REGIME of the US in the Philippines and the decreasing interest of Europe here. - Many filipino started writing again and the nationalism of the people Graciano Lopez Jaena remain undaunted. - Sent to the seminario de San Vicente to - Filipino writers want into all forms of study priesthood. literature like NEWS REPORTING, - Born in Jaro, Iloilo POETRY, STORIES, PLAYS, - San Juan Dios Hospital ESSAY AND NOVELS. Their writings clearly depicted their love of - He left Manila and went back to iloilo country and their longings for where he served small communities. independence. - He saw the injustice around him and started to write. - During the first decade, the spirit - Barcelona Spain nationalism and patriotism were - Found the newspaper “La Solidaridad” awakened. - Died in 1896 Fray Botod - Graciano Lopez Jaena's Fray Botod introduces the stereotypical Spanish friar who uses religion as a tool for oppressing others in order to satiate his appetite for food, money and women. Discursos Y Articulos Varios - Anti – Friar campaign  The Puppet Republic (1932) The bombing of pearl harbor (1945) American (R) Cardinal Program The Puppet Republic (1932) - The president under puppet republic is Jose P. Laurel - The filipinos called the money proclaimed by the Japanese as “Mickey Mouse Money” - Admiral Nomura - Nung una sinubukan pa ng US na pigilan ang gera sa pamamagitan ng pagpigil ng ASET ng Japan. - November 1941 ipinada si Admiral Nomura upang makipag usap ngunit sa kasagsagan nito ay bigla na lamang ito inatake ang Pearl Harbor Americans Declare A War Bombing of Pearl Harbor In 1920 – Dead Stars by: Paz Marquez Benitez - The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a - The short story "Dead Stars" is significant event in World War II, conveying the theme that pertains to occurring on December 7, 1941. forbidden love. It says that forbidden love is only apparent, and its banes haunt - Kamikazee pilot: Suicides actions the person until such time that he realizes - After the pearl harbor bombing the his faults. commonwealth Act no. 1 proclaimed the Literary Forms National Defense Act - Newspaper Hiroshima = Little Boy - Magazine - Hiroshima time, “Little Boy” was - Short stories dropped. The result was approximately - Poetry 80,000 deaths in just the first few minutes. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) Nagasaki = Fatman Reasons why Japanese want to widen their country - The bomb destroyed 5 square miles of Natural Resources the city and caused about 140,000 deaths - Rubber by the end of 1945. - Gas Robert Oppenheimer - The father of atomic bomb. Racism End of World War II - Covenant of the league of nations - Hindi sila pinayagan mag bigay ng Cardinal program - Cardinal Health, a healthcare statement tungkol sa RACIAL services and products company, might have internal or EQUALITY sa covenant of the league of external programs under the "Cardinal Program" name nations - peace settlements focused on improving healthcare services, community health, or operational efficiency. - Dahil pinigilan ito ng United States. - Japanese has extreme patriotism labis na pag mamahal sa bansa at sa kanilang emperor kung kaya’t sila ay sanay mag silbi sa kanilang bayan. Filipino Literature Prose – This literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly 1. Poetry consisting of complete sentences arranged logically - The common theme of most poems during the and sequentially in a paragraph form. Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and 3 Types of Poetry arts. Narrative – Thus poetry tells a story and has the 2. Haiku elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, - A poem of free verse that the Japanese like. conflict, etc. - 17 syllables - 3 lines Dramatic – This is an emotionally appealing drama - 575 written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be 3. Tanaga recited or sung in front of the audience by a character - Like the haiku, short but had measure and speaking in poetry. rhyme. - 17 syllables Lyric – It is the most common type of poetry that - It consists of four lines, each with seven focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a syllables, and follows a rhyme scheme of story. AABB. 2 Types of Prose - Love, nature and life. - Consisting of four lines with seven syllables Fiction – This serves as a product of the writers’ wild each. imagination and creative thinking where the characters 4. Tanka react to the conflict and various issues central to the - Tanka are traditional Japanese poems main idea of a literary work. containing five lines. Short stories – A short story is a brief work of - Each line has a set number of syllables, fiction that typically focuses on a single creating an overall syllabic pattern of 5-7-5- 7- character or a small group of characters, 7. exploring a particular theme or concept. 5. Filipino Drama Novel – Novels can belong to various genres, Movie houses showing American films were such as romance, science fiction, mystery, closed. fantasy, and historical fiction, each offering Translators unique storytelling styles and themes. Novella – A work of fiction whose plot A. Francisco Soc Rodrigo revolves around ONE SINGLE theme, with room for description and character B. Alberto Concio development. C. Narciso Pimentel Non-Fiction – These are stories inspired by real events Filipino Short Stories where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. A field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short Examples: Journals, Newspapers, Diary stories. 21ST CENTURY PERIOD Two Major Forms of Literature Poetry – This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided into three types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry. NATIONAL ARTIST Edith Tiempo - Tiempo became the first female writer to be Bienvenido L. Lumbera declared National Artist for literature. - He published his first stories and poems in - She was a distinguished Filipino writer in 1953, the year before he graduated from the English. Her extensive literary career University of Santo Tomas. encompassed poetry, fiction, and literary criticism. Published Works - She was known for her unique ability to Bayani intricately and wittily represent significant human experience, her contributions to literature are undeniable. - One of the finest Filipino Writers in English; Her works are characterized by a remarkable fusion of style and substance of craftsmanship and insight; Her poetry is hailed for its wittiness. Published Works The Builder Francisco Sionil Jose - He is best known for his Rosales Saga. This five-novel epic narrates the lives of different generations of the Samsons that deal with the social struggles of the country. Cirilo F. Bautista - Bautista contributed to the development of Philippine literature: as a writer, through his significant body of works; as a teacher, through his discovery and encouragement of young writers in workshops and lectures; and as a critic, through his essays that provided insights into the craft of writing. Nick Joaquin - He was a Filipino writer, historian and Virgilio S. Almario journalist, best known for his short stories and - He became a National Artist of the novels in the English language. Philippines, an artist, poet, critic, renowned - His pen name was Quijano De Manila translator, and cultural manager, he was an AB - At age of 17 he had his first piece published, Political Science student in the University of in the literary section of the pre-world war II the Philippines (UP) Diliman. He finished his tribune where he worked as a proofreader. degree in 1963. Published Works Published Works The House on Zapote Street Ibong Adarna