21st Century Philippine Literature Midterm Reviewer PDF

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Midterm Reviewer “Twenty-First Century Literature from the Philippines and the World is the journey in searching for knowledge about the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Phili...

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Midterm Reviewer “Twenty-First Century Literature from the Philippines and the World is the journey in searching for knowledge about the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary period” 🌷 What is Literature?🌷 Literature is any single body of written works. Considered to be an ART FORM, or any single writing that is ARTISTIC or has INTELLECTUAL VALUE. 🌷 TIMELINE of PHILIPPINE LITERATURE🌷 Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country's history. 🎯 PRE-COLONIAL (BC to 1564) The pre-colonial literature includes all literature produced before the Spanish colonization like chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives. Characteristics: Based on oral tradition Tackled everyday life or activities. Used native language. Literary Forms: Riddles (bugtong) Proverbs (wise saying) Tanaga (stanza with four lines expresses life lessons) 🎯 Spanish Colonial (1565-1863) The Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines refers to the nearly 333 years of Spanish colonization and rule over the Philippine Islands, which began in 1565. Characteristics: It has two distinct classifications: Religious and Secular. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication The invention of "PRINTING PRESS" replaced oral tradition. 🎯 Revolutionary Period (1864-1896) The Revolutionary Period in Philippine literature refers to the time during the late 19th century and early 20th century when the Philippines was undergoing significant political and social changes, primarily due to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. Characteristics: Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog Addressed the 'MASSES' instead of the 'INTELLIGENTSIA'. Propaganda Literature: Political Novels Noli Me Tangere (explores the Filipino identity during the Spanish colonial period) El Filibusterismo (critiques Spanish colonialism, the friarocracy, and the abuses of power) Political Essays Diariong Tagalog (Marcelo H. del Pilar) La Solidaridad (Graciano Lopez Jaena) 🎯 American Period (1910-1945) The American period in Philippine literature refers to the time when the Philippines was under American colonial rule. This period had a significant impact on Philippine literature, as it saw the blending of Filipino and American influences in literary expression. Characteristics: Filipino writers imitated English and American models. Poems written were amateurish and mushy, when phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial. Highly influenced by Western literary trends like ROMANTICISM and REALISM. Notable Author in this Period (Jose Garcia-Villa) Known as DOVEGLION Known as the COMMA Poet Was the finest contemporary poet regardless of race and language Introduced the reversal consonance and comma poems Quotation: "First, a poem must be magical, then musical as a seagull, and it must hold as fire as well" Works: Footnote to Youth, Many Voices, Have Come, etc. 🎯 Japanese Occupation Period (1942-1945) The Japanese Occupation Period in Philippine literature refers to the time during World War II when the Philippines was occupied by the Japanese Empire, from 1942 to 1945. This period had a significant impact on Philippine literature as it witnessed a complex interplay of themes, styles, and censorship under Japanese rule. Characteristics: (Period of Maturity and Originality) Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in simple language and free verse. Fiction prevailed over poetry. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques. 🎯 Contemporary Period (1960-present) The Contemporary Period in Philippine literature refers to the literature produced in the Philippines from the mid-20th century to the present day. This period is characterized by a wide range of literary styles, themes, and influences, reflecting the diversity of Filipino culture and society in the modern era. Characteristics: Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the press. Write symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, in the face of censorship. Theater was used as a vehicle for protest. From the 80s onward, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation. 🌷 LITERARY GENRE🌷 The 21st century has seen the evolution and emergence of various literary genres, reflecting the changing dynamics of society, technology, and culture. Some notable literary genres and subgenres that have gained prominence in the 21st century include: Ebook: e-book, in full electronic book, digital file containing a body of text and images suitable for distributing electronically and displaying on-screen in a manner similar to a printed book. Textula: Textula The term "textula" is a blend of the English word "text" and the Filipino word "tula!” Meaning text poem, it is a poem written in the form of a text message. Graphic Novels: A narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using comic form. Spoken Poetry: A broad designation for poetry intended for performance. Blogs: A website containing a writer's or group of writers' own experiences, observations, opinions, etc., and often having images and links to other websites. Hypertextual Poems: A form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. 6-Word Flash Fiction: An entire story told in six words. It is a short narrative that can have all of the emotional themes of longer stories—from funny to dramatic, sad to scary. 🌷 Canonical Authors:🌷 Is a writer whose work is excellent, is highly reflective of the tenor or controversies of their time period, and has demonstrable long-term influence across society. Some Canonical Writers from LUZON Jose Rizal NVM Gonzales Ma. Luisa Aguilar-Carino NCR: Amado Hernandez Charlson Ong Nick Joaquin VISAYAS: Edith Tiempo Edilberto Tiempo Magdalena Jalandoni- wrote plenty of literary pieces in his/her time, including the short story published in 1935 "Ang Dalaga sa Tindahan, sugilanon sa duha kabahin". MINDANAO: Miguel Lizada Ralph Semino Galan Tita Lacambra-Ayala 🌷 LITERARY DEVICES🌷 When an author sits to write a story, she does not simply write what happened. Instead, she uses what are called literary devices which are narrative techniques that add texture, energy, and excitement to the narrative, grip the reader's imagination, and convey information. IRONY: Refers to playing around with words such that the meaning implied by a sentence or word is actually different from the literal meaning. Ex: "A child runs away from someone throwing a water balloon at him falls into the pool" Types of Irony Verbal- occurs when a speaker says something contradictory to what he intends to say. Ex: "Thanks for the ticket officer you just made my day!" Types of Verbal Irony: Understatement- when a person undermines the character of something. “It was O.K.” – Said by the student who got the highest score on the test. Overstatement- when a person exaggerates the character of something. "I would die if I ever met Cha Eun Woo in person" Situational Irony- A type of irony where the opposite of what is expected happens, resulting in humorous or tragic consequences. Ex: An example would be when someone buys a gun to protect himself, but the same gun is used by another individual to injure him. Dramatic Irony- A type of irony where the reader or audience knows something that the characters do not, resulting in increased tension. Ex: An example of dramatic irony is in a movie where a detective does not know that the criminal responsible for the crimes in the city is his partner. The audience however is already aware of this fact and waits anxiously to know what will happen once the character finds out what they already know. Three Stages of Dramatic Irony Installation/Preparation: audience is informed of something the character does not know about. Exploitation: using this information to develop curiosity among the audience. Resolution: the full significance of the character’s ignorance is revealed. IMAGERY: refers to language that stimulates the reader's senses. Usually, it is thought that imagery makes use of particular words that create visual representation of ideas in our minds. Imagery needs the aid of figures of speech like simile, metaphor, personification, and onomatopoeia, in order to appeal to the bodily senses. ✏️ It was dark and dim in the forest. The words “dark” and “dim” are visual images. ✏️ The children were screaming and shouting in the fields. “Screaming” and “shouting” appeal to our sense of hearing, or auditory sense. ✏️ He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee. “Whiff” and “aroma” evoke our sense of smell, or olfactory sense. ✏️ The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric. The idea of “soft” in this example appeals to our sense of touch, or tactile sense. ✏️ The fresh and juicy orange is very cold and sweet. “Juicy” and “sweet” – when associated with oranges – have an effect on our sense of taste, or gustatory sense. SYMBOLISM: Is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. Symbolism can take different forms. Example: The dove is a symbol of peace. A red rose, or the color red, stands for love or romance. A broken mirror may symbolize separation. LOCAL COLOR: Presents local or regional symbols and images including speech, practices, beliefs, mannerisms and the like which are known to be peculiar to a certain topography. FORESHADOWING: refers to the use of words or phrases that set the stage for the story to unfold. It gives the reader a hint of something that is going to happen without revealing the story or spoiling the suspense. Foreshadowing is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the story. METAPHOR: Metaphor is a comparison between two things that are otherwise unrelated. Without the use of 'like' and 'as'. “Henry was a lion on the battlefield” 🌷 ELEMENTS of a STORY🌷 Short story is a story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel. Setting: Setting is the “where and when” of a story. It is the time and place during which the story takes place. Mood: is the feeling that the author tries to convey throughout the story. Characters: The person, animals, and things participating in a story. Plot: is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. It shows the arrangement of events and actions within a story. Parts of a Plot Exposition-Rising Action-Climax-Falling Action-Resolution. Conflict: Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Without conflict, there is no plot. Point of View: -is the writer's way of deciding who is telling the story to whom. Theme: is the central, general message, the main idea, the controlling topic about life or people the author wants to get across through a literary work. NOTE: Please know that whatever things written here are not the EXACT words you may find in the questionnaire. This note will just guide you on how to analyze ideas. GOD BLESS ON YOUR EXAM!