21st Century Literature From The Philippines And The World Review PDF

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Literary Devices Common Sound Devices Alliteration is the repetition of similar sounds, either consonants or vowels, at the beginning of closely spaced words. Assonance is the repetition of vowel s...

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Literary Devices Common Sound Devices Alliteration is the repetition of similar sounds, either consonants or vowels, at the beginning of closely spaced words. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds that form internal rhymes in a line. Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the end of words. Euphony is the use of devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and assonance; meant to create a pleasant experience to the ear. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that mimic the natural sound of what is being described. Repetition is the repetition of words or phrases to form rhythm or to emphasize an idea. Rhyme is the repetition of identical (or similar) sounds in two or more words, most often at the end of lines in a poem. 4 Different kinds of rhymes: Full rhymes are words that sound alike on both the consonant and vowel sounds; all their syllables rhyme. Slant or half rhymes are words that have the same final consonant sounds but different initial consonants and vowels. Near rhymes are words with the same final vowel sounds but different final consonants. Sight rhymes are when words or the end of words are usually spelled the same but are pronounced differently. Literary authors use figurative language or figures of speech to deliver a more effective, persuasive, and impactful message. An analogy is a comparison that presents the similarities between two concepts or ideas. A cliché is a word, a phrase, a sentence, or a whole text that used to be perceived as clever but has become démodé. Connotation is the secondary or suggestive meaning of the word, one that is not its literal or primary meaning in the dictionary. Denotation is the literal meaning of the word, one that is usually its primary meaning in the dictionary. Euphemism is used to substitute for a description that is considered harsh or blunt. This figurative language is most often used for delicate matters such as sex, death or violence, and embarrassing topics. Hyperbole is a gross exaggeration to achieve an effect, usually for humor or emphasis. Metaphor compares two seemingly unlike objects that have similar or common characteristics without the use of like or as. Metonymy is a word or phrase that is substituted for another that is closely associated to it. An oxymoron is a combination of two ideas that appear to be opposite or contradictory. A paradox is an assertion that seems to be contradictory or silly but actually reveals some truth. Personification is a statement or statements wherein an animal, object, or abstract idea is given human attributes or characteristics. Simile compares two seemingly unlike objects by using the words like or as. Synecdoche is used when a part or portion of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa. Juxtaposition is a technique wherein two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side to develop comparisons and contrasts. Major Literary Genre Narrative Poetry These are poems that tell a story. Historically, narrative poems began as oral traditions. Lyric Poetry These are poems that are supposedly sung with musical accompaniment. Dramatic Poetry These are poems that are usually performed onstage, and they can be sung or spoken. The common elements of poetry are the following: Persona A persona is a dramatic character who is the speaker in the poem. A persona is not always the poet. Form Poetry is written in lines, and oftentimes the lines are divided into groups called stanzas. Imagery Imagery is the use of language that appeals to the five senses: visual (sight), auditory (hearing), gustatory (taste), tactile (touch), and olfactory (smell). Sound Patterns Sound patterns include rhyme, rhythm, and other literary devices that pertain to sounds. Rhyme It is the repetition of similar or identical sounds at the end of poetic lines. The rhyme scheme is the pattern of the rhyme placed at the end of each line or stanza in a poem. William Shakespeare is known for his collection of 154 Sonnets. Here is an example: Figurative Language Poets use words or phrases that are put together to help readers picture ordinary things in new ways. Theme The theme is the central idea of a poem. It is usually stated as a philosophical truth in life. Prose is any writing that does not have a metrical structure and rhythmical pattern like poetry. It is composed of sentences and paragraphs instead of lines and stanzas. Dramas are stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience Types of Drama Tragedy The central character in a tragedy has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero Comedy Comedic plays aim to make the audience laugh. Comedic stories are lighthearted. Musical Drama The characters in musical drama dance and sing. Various themes are presented, from serious to comedic. Farce A farce is a nonsensical drama that employs slapstick humor Melodrama A melodrama is characterized by the characters’ exaggerated emotions in various situations. Dialogue refers to the characters’ speech and is considered the lifeblood of drama. The members of the audience get to understand the story, not only by the characters’ actions but also by their speech. Dialogue – These are the conversations of two or more characters onstage. Monologue – This is a long speech given by one character that can be heard by or directed to other characters who are also onstage. Soliloquy – This is the speech of a character who is alone onstage. It is portrayed as though the character is talking to himself or herself, or to the audience, and the words cannot be heard by the other characters. Aside – This is a remark that a character makes that is meant only for the audience to hear. The other characters onstage do not hear asides. Different Genre of popular Fiction Adventure This genre focuses on action and adventure as its main themes. Most of the time, the conflict for this genre is the man vs. nature conflict. Fantasy In this genre, the plot, setting, and theme showcase magic, and characters may include mythological and neo-mythological beings. Historical This genre is set in a significant or a recognizable point in history. Some characters may even be historical figures; however, the dialogues, setting, plot, etc. are fictional. Most historical fiction has political undertones. Horror This genre triggers the reader’s fear. Often, the writer creates an atmosphere of dread throughout the whole or most of the story. The strategy of the author ranges from the supernatural to psychological. Some horror stories have monsters. Some involve blood and gore to instill fear among the readers. Mystery or Detective This genre involves elements, such as a crime, which remain unsolved until the end of the narration. Mystery or detective fiction also involves elements such as a character who struggles to solve the mystery, good characterization, and motivation to solve a mystery or crime. Science Fiction This genre involves science and technology as the basis of its conflict, setting, or plot. Young Adult This genre is specifically written for readers from twelve to seventeen years old. Most of the books in this genre involve characters who are in the said age range. New and emerging literary genres are works written by authors that deviate from traditional writing methods. Often, these works are related to other genres. New and Emerging Literary Genres Fan Fiction Also called fanfic, this is an emerging literary genre that is popular on social media, especially for people who follow television shows and movies. Flash Fiction This is the collective term for stories or narratives that have approximately 1,000 words or fewer. Flash fiction has a minimal or complete lack of exposition, and it uses deliberate, purposeful, and inventive language and rhythm to create experience. Metafiction This is a “fiction about a fiction.” In this type of fiction, the author, the narrator, or the main character directly speaks to the reader. The reader also plays a part in the story. Slipstream Also considered as “the fiction of strangeness,” slipstream is a nonrealistic fiction that crosses science fiction and fantasy or mainstream literary fiction. Electronic literature, or simply e-lit, as defined by the Electronic Literature Organization, is the collective term for literary works with important literary aspects that take advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by the stand-alone or networked computer. E-lit emerged from the use of technology and the capabilities of electronic media to create literature. The Precolonial Period Mythological Age This is the period when our ancestors told stories about the creation of human beings and the world, natural phenomena, and deities and spirits. Heroic Age In this period, the characters in stories evolved. Ordinary mortals and cultural heroes became the chief subject matter in this period. Epics became a popular genre. They were chanted during important events in the community to inspire people. These were also performed to remind the community of their ideals and values. Folktales Philippine folktales are traditional stories that had humans, animals, and even plants as characters. These are fictional tales that have been modified through successive retellings before they were finally recorded and written down. The writing system used by Filipinos during the precolonial period is the baybayin. This was derived from Kavi, a Javanese (Indonesian) script. Myths These are stories that make use of gods, goddesses, and other fantastical creatures as characters. Legends Believed to be historical but cannot be verified as true, legends are stories handed down through generations. Folktales Folktales are prose narratives usually told to amuse or entertain. These are also instructional in nature, dealing with events set in an indefinite time and space. Epics An epic is a long narrative poem that describes the adventures of a hero, warrior, god, or king. It is influenced by the traditions, culture, beliefs, moral code, and attitudes of the people who created it. Ancient Tagalog Deities Filipinos practiced worshipping gods and goddesses during the precolonial period. This practice is known as animism, which is a belief that souls or spirits exist in plants, animals, or objects. Animism comes from the Latin word anima, which, according to psychologist Carl Jung, means a person’s inner self or soul. In the Philippines, deities vary in different regions. Kaluwalhatian is the term used to refer to the home of ancient Philippine gods and goddesses.  Bathala or Bathalang Maykapal is the king of the gods in Tagalog myths. He married a mortal, with which he had three children: Apolaki (god of war and guardian of the sun), Mayari (goddess of the moon), and Tala (goddess of the stars). Apolaki and Mayari (or Adlaw and Bulan in Visayan) ruled the earth at different times. This is because of a conflict between them when Bathala died and he did not pass the title to any of his children. Tala is the goddess who warns Mayari that the sun god is gone and that it is safe for her to come out along with the stars. Amihan is believed to be a bird, which is said to be the first creature that inhabited the earth. It is linked to the story of creation of the Tagalogs. Bakunawa, or the “moon eater,” is the god of the underworld. Believed to have an image of a serpent or dragon, he is the one responsible for eclipses. Folk Songs Folk songs are repetitive and sonorous and have a playful melody. They may be about love and courtship, a long day’s work, or may be songs sung at a funeral. “Doon Po Sa Amin” is a song about struggle or hardship, while “Leron Leron Sinta” is a popular Tagalog folk song about courtship. Proverbs Proverbs or salawikain are short sayings enveloped in rhymed verse that are meant to give advice to the young, offering words of wisdom or stating how one should live. Riddles Riddles, locally called bugtong, are perplexing questions meant to be guessed or solved. These are used for entertainment, and they require one to observe, analyze, and imagine to provide the right answer. Decoding Riddles Analyzing or answering riddles requires one to decode images from it. Riddle Analysis The answer to this riddle is pineapple. The visual images in this riddle are “crown” and “scales.” The first step is to picture a thing with these elements. The Spanish Period Spain had two motives in colonizing the Philippines: 1) Spice trade More valuable than gold, spices were the leading component of ancient commerce even before the 15th century. Spain, along with other European countries, funded expeditions in search of cinnamon, clove, ginger, turmeric, and other priced commodities. 2) Converting Filipinos to Christianity The Spaniards used a policy called reduccion, which is a means of relocation of scattered settlements to a large town. This way, Spanish friars were able to convert natives into Christianity. Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature There are many ways that Spaniards influenced our literature. Since Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines, the Spaniards have continuously propagated their own culture and traditions for the next 333 years. Among their influences are the following: 1. The first Filipino alphabet called Alibata was replaced by the Roman alphabet. 2. Religious practices became based on teachings of Christian doctrine. 3. The Spanish language, which became the literary language during this time, lent many of its words to our language. 4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Our periodicals during the Spanish colonization gained a religious tone. The Development of Poetry Philippine poems during the precolonial period highlighted epics, riddles, folk songs, and proverbs that depicted the spiritual beliefs and everyday lives of natives, while poetry under the Spanish colonial period focused on religion and values, which became instruments in spreading Christianity and Spanish-oriented culture. A ladino poem is a bilingual poem with religious themes. It is characterized by alternating lines or verses in Tagalog and Spanish. The term ladino also refers to Filipinos who were fluent in both Spanish and Filipino. Types of Poems during the Spanish Colonial Period Poetic forms that emerged during the Spanish colonial period include: Pasyon This is a narrative poem about the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It has replaced the precolonial oral tradition that the Filipino had since pasyon is recited in churches Awit This is a narrative poem that consists of 12 syllables per line and four lines per stanza. The rhythm is slow and is usually accompanied by the use of a guitar or bandurya. It expresses adoration of the Blessed Virgin Mary as well as platonic and courtly love. A famous example of an awit is Francisco Balagtas’s Florante at Laura. Kurido A kurido is another narrative poem that consists of eight syllables per line and four lines per stanza. The rhythm is faster compared with that of an awit. An example of a kurido is Ibong Adarna, which contains 1,722 stanzas and has five parts. Dalit This is a religious poem in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Tomas Pinpin’s Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castilla (A Book for the Tagalog to Study the Spanish Language) was the first published work by a Filipino and contains a preface that is probably the first essay written by a Filipino. Types of Prose during the Spanish Colonial Period Prose forms that emerged during the Spanish colonial rule include: Anecdotes These are short and amusing stories that contain lessons in life. Priests often use anecdotes as part of their sermons. An example of an anecdote is the Tagalog translation and adaptation of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe entitled Ang Bagong Robinson, Historiang Nagtuturo nang Mabuting Caugalian, na Guinauang Tanungan (The New Robinson, a Story That Teaches Good Conduct, Done in Primer Form) by Joaquin Tuason. Pláticas (Sermons) These are lectures presented by Spanish priests that dealt with religious, biblical, and moral topics. In 1864, Padre Modesto de Castro compiled 25 of his sermons in Pláticas Doctrinales (Sermons on Doctrines). Novenas These are a series of prayers repeated for nine consecutive days and are usually prayers for petition and thanksgiving.