21ST-CENTURY-LITERATURE-FROM-THE-PHILIPPINES-AND-THE-WORLD-REVIEWER.pdf

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD (REVIEWER) NAME: Clowie Ivanna L. Almuete SECTION: HE 12 A Introduction to Philippine Literature Literature- The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". Literature is traditionally...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD (REVIEWER) NAME: Clowie Ivanna L. Almuete SECTION: HE 12 A Introduction to Philippine Literature Literature- The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". Literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter. Literary text- Literary texts are called the products of written literature. A text can be considered literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and chronology. Also, literature uses literary devices such as metaphor and symbolism. Context in Literature- Experiences change lives of so many people. It is what is around us, which influences us just as we influence it. Writers have used context to create various forms of written works. Regional Literature Writings are popular in a particular locality Ideas are applicable only to the place of origin National Literature Works have won national contests Bears lessons that are applicable to all places in the country Characteristics of Literary Text it narrates a story. it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the imagination or real- life experiences of the author or other people. it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages. Literary structure- Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature in which the most common type is the narrative. Parts of the Narrative Structure (PLOT) exposition rising action climax  falling action resolution (denouement) Two Major Forms of Literature 1. Poetry- This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. 3 types of poetry; a. Narrative Poetry- This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc. b. Dramatic Poetry- This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. c. Lyric Poetry- It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story. 2. Prose- In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form. a. Fiction- This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. b. Non-fiction- These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like. Genre- Refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as either adult, young-adult, or children. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.” Literary elements- Refers to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors; they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms. Traditions- The term "Traditions" refers to the specific traits of literary works that define a generation or period in history. A literary tradition “is a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness and coherence that makes them more than simply a group of works sharing geography or group. Pre-colonial period- Spanish colonization such as chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives are considered under pre-colonial period which are mostly of oral traditions. This is not because early Filipinos did not have system of writing yet but due to the unavailability of printing materials.  Literacy paved the way to develop sense of nationalism among Filipinos during the latter part of Spanish colonization. Filipinos started to write about oppression, corruption, and other social ills such as in the works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal entitled Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo. American Period- During the apprenticeship period, the Filipino writers imitated English and American models. All forms of literature were explored by Filipino writers. During this period, short stories were the most prevalent literary form. With the new knowledge of English language, many writers started to gain recognition both locally and internationally like Jose Garcia Villa who earned the international title, “Poet of the Century" as an example. Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were conquered by Japan between 1941-1945 since freedom of expression was uncommon back then. Filipino writers in the Philippines were forbidden to write anything against the government and only those who were in exile had the privilege to do so. The types of literature produced during colonial periods are Spanish, American, and Japanese wherein the common themes and subject mostly tackle about oppression, religion, freedom, or anything that reflects the experiences of Filipino people under the colonizers. Colonial period- The influences brought to us by colonial periods are said to have been extended up to the post-colonial periods especially in social and cultural dimensions. Post-colonial period- post-colonial is the period after the rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the present. One of the most unforgotten and controversial periods during this era is having Martial Law during the Marcos regime. The Pre-Spanish/Pre-colonial Period Our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as trace in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Chant (Bulong) - This was used in witchcraft or enchantment especially in remote places in the Visayas. Legends - These are genres of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions perceived or believed both by teller and listeners to have taken place within human history. Folk Tales - These are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN.  Epics - These are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Folk Songs -These are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre- Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw. Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. In the 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called Illustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization. The Japanese Regime (1941-1945) The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period: a. Haiku- a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines b. Tanaga- like the Haiku, is short, but it has measure and rhyme. Consisting of four lines with seven syllables each. It can also have rhymes schemes like AABB and ABAB. c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) Period of Activism (1970-1972) The youth became vocal with their sentiments. They demanded a change in the government. It was manifested in the bloody demonstrations and the sidewalk expressions and also in literature. Period of the New Society (1972-1981) The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. Poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs, and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos before were hooked on reading magazines and comics. Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985) Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., the idol of the Filipino masses, whom they hoped to be the next president, was president, was brutally murdered on August 21, 1983. Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. 21st Century Period  The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the needs and tastes of the new generation. 21st Century learners are demanded to be Information and Communication Technology (ICT) inclined to compete with the style and format of writing as well. Post-EDSA 1 Revolution (1986-1999) History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their independence, which they lost twenty years ago. In four days from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. It was noticed in the new Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and even in the television programs. The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNAL. Poetry: genre of literature observes sounds and rhythms for aesthetic purpose in expressing one's feelings, ideas, and beliefs. Fiction: type of literature that legends, folktales, short stories, and any novels belongs. Epic: literary form refers to verses that depict extraordinary strength, adventure, and heroism. Climax: turning point in a story. Conventional and 21st Century Genres POETRY- is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices to evoke an emotional response. It has been known to employ meter and rhyme. DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict more contrast of character, especially on intended to be acted on a stage: a play. FICTION- is literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation. Types of literature include the novel, short story and novella. NON-FICTION- is based on facts and the author’s opinion about a subject. The purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform and sometimes to persuade. 21st Century Literature Genres Illustrated Novel- a story or narrative told through words complemented by illustrated images. Digi-Fiction- called Triple Media Literature. It uses the combination of three media: book, movie/video, and internet website to tell a narrative, so readers must engage in navigating, reading, and viewing in all three forms to comprehend the full story. Graphic novels- narratives told in comic-strip formats and published as a book. To differentiate from illustrated fiction, graphic novels tell a story using a combination of words and pictures in a sequence across the page. Manga- the Japanese word for comics. It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan. Manga-style comics created by American artists are sometimes called Ameri manga. Some Manga categories include the following: Shonen-Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece) Shojo-Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon) Seinen-Men’s Manga (Akira) Josei-Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss) Kodomo-Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty) Doodle Fiction- literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing, drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font. Doodles are simple drawings or random shapes and lines that may or may not have concrete representational meanings. These enhance the story, often adding humorous elements. Text-Talk Novels- stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges. Narratives are usually presented in blog, email, and IM (instant messaging) format. Chick Lit- often humorous and lighthearted fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood. Flash Fiction- a story narrated in an extremely brief way, but still offers plot and character development and implies a larger story. It could range from a word to a thousand. Creative nonfiction- also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction. It is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Science Fiction- genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe and extraterrestrial life. Blog- (shortened form of Weblog) is a website containing short articles called posts that are updated regularly. Some blogs are written by one person containing his or her own opinions, interests and experiences, while others are written by different people. Hyper poetry- digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up. It can either involve set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and transform. Context and Text’s Meanings Imagery- a picture in the reader's mind by using words that appeal to the senses. Visual imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of sight. Auditory Imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of hearing.  Kinesthetic imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the actions and movement. Literary Techniques- methods the author or writer of a literary piece used to convey what they want to impart to the reader, such as Flashback where the events have taken place before the present time the narration is following. Multimedia Formats in the 21st Century Mind mapping- a graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and pieces of information. Mobile phone text tula- is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem is a tanaga that consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. Slideshow presentation- It contains series of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector. Tag Cloud- a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites, articles, speeches and databases. Video- an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual media. Multimedia- computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally. Anecdote- a variety of stories and tales, since they can be about any topic under the sun. It is a short story about a real person or event which usually intends to make the listeners laugh or ponder over a topic. Purposes of anecdotes: 1. To Bring Cheer Stories pop up anywhere and these are just sometimes making people laugh to brighten their mood. 2. To Reminisce In most anecdotes, people are talking about their experiences in the past. They try to look back on moments in their lives and share the joy of that time with others. 3. To Caution Sometimes, just giving rules for individuals is not effective. Sharing to them frightening stories of dangers can be helpful for them to realize the possible consequences of their actions.