21st Century Literature Reviewer PDF

21^st^ Century Literature Reviewer I. [LITERARY DEVICES] - **Hyperbole** -- A literary device that uses exaggeration to make a point. A literary device that exaggerates for emphasis. - **Irony** -- A literary device that contradicts the expectation of characters or audience. 1. Ver...

21^st^ Century Literature Reviewer I. [LITERARY DEVICES] - **Hyperbole** -- A literary device that uses exaggeration to make a point. A literary device that exaggerates for emphasis. - **Irony** -- A literary device that contradicts the expectation of characters or audience. 1. Verbal Irony - This occurs when someone says something but means the opposite, similar to sarcasm.\ *Example: After failing a test, someone says, \"Oh great, just what I needed today!\"* 2. Situational Irony - his type of irony happens when the opposite of what is expected or intended occurs.\ *Example: A fire station burns down, which is unexpected because they're supposed to prevent fires.* 3. Dramatic Irony - This occurs when the audience knows something that the characters in the story do not.\ *Example: In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows that Juliet is only asleep, but Romeo believes she is dead and kills himself.* - **Personification** -- A literary device that gives human-like qualities to non-human things. - **Foreshadowing** -- A literary Device for Creating Suspense. Hints at future events. - **Idiom** - An idiom is a phrase or expression whose meaning is different from the literal meaning of the individual words. Idioms are often culturally specific and understood by native speakers of a language, but their figurative meaning can be confusing to non-native speakers. For example, *"Tickled pink"* meaning someone is very pleased or delighted. - **Metaphor/Simile**: Comparison between two things, simile uses \"like\" or \"as.\"\ *Example: \"The book is a doorway to different parts of the world.\"* - **Onomatopoeia**: Words that imitate sounds.\ *Example: "The hiss of the snake."* II. [Historical Overview of Philippine Literature] **Pre-Colonial Times**: - Rich oral traditions such as folk speeches (riddles, proverbs), folk songs, and folk narratives. Folk Speeches: Riddles, Proverbs, Tanaga - *Tanaga* is a mono-rhyming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life. Basic rhyme scheme is **AAAA**. It has been used since pre-colonial times and continues to be a popular form in the 21st century. **Spanish Colonial Tradition**: - Introduction of **religious prose and poetry** (e.g., *Pasyon*). - Influence of European culture, **metrical romances** like *Florante at Laura*. - Emergence of Filipino intellectuals writing about liberty (e.g., *Noli Me Tangere*). - **[The Propaganda Movement]** **American Colonial Period**: - New literary forms like **free verse** and the **modern short story**. - Flourishing of English writing and introduction of modernism in literature. **Contemporary Period**: - Philippine literature flourishes with various themes: social, gender-related, personal. - Writers are recognized through prestigious literary awards. - ***[Traditional literature]** includes stories passed down orally through generations, such as folklore, myths, legends, and fables. These oral storytelling traditions often focuson cultural values, historical events, and communal beliefs.* - ***[Postcolonialism]** in literature refers to the body of work that examines the effects of colonization on cultures, societies, and individuals, often focusing on the perspectives* - ***[Modern literature]**, particularly **modernism**, is associated with breaking away from traditional forms, experimenting with new techniques, and exploring new perspectives.* III. [Elements of Poetry and Filipino Forms] 1. [**Elements of Poetry**:] - **Line**: A row of words in a poem. - **Stanza**: Group of lines forming a unit (couplets, tercets, quatrains). - **Rhyme:** Rhyme refers to the repetition of the end-sounds of words. - **Rhyme Scheme**: The pattern of rhyming lines (e.g., ABBA). - **Rhythm and Meter:** Rhythm is the term used to refer to the recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds in poetry. Meter is a system of describing what we can measure about the audible features of a poem. - **Pause**: Caesura, end-stopped line, run-on line or enjambment. - **Enjambment**- A line that ends without a pause and continues into the next line for its meaning. 1. **Maintains Flow of Thought**: Enjambment allows a sentence or phrase to continue beyond the end of a line. 2. **Creates Suspense and Interest**: By delaying the completion of a thought or sentence, enjambment builds suspense and encourages readers to keep reading. 3. **Smooths the Rhythm**: It helps maintain a natural and conversational rhythm. 4. **Supports Emphasis on Key Ideas**: It can place emphasis on the word or phrase at the start of the next line - *These roles work together to ensure that readers stay engaged with the poem, moving through it with less interruption while adding layers of meaning and rhythm.* - **Figurative Language**: Non-literal meanings such as metaphors and similes. - ***[Tone]** in poetry refers to the poet\'s attitude or emotional perspective toward the subject matter, the audience, or even the poem itself.* - ***[Alliteration in poetry]:** Alliteration can enhance the musicality of a poem and emphasize particular themes or emotions, like softness or intensity, depending on the sound repeated. It can also make certain lines more memorable or impactful.* - *Alliteration adds a musicality to the poem, giving the lines a sense of harmony and fluidity.* *Alliteration can highlight particular emotions or themes, drawing the reader\'s attention to important ideas or moments in the poem. The repeated sound often reinforces the emotional impact of those words.* 2. [**Filipino Poetry Forms**:] - **Spoken Word Poetry**: (Also called *slam poetry*) Performed poetry with roots in socio-political discourse, emphasizing rhythm and wordplay. - **Textula/Textanaga**: A blend of traditional *tanaga* and modern text messaging. Rhymes include basic, alternate, and enclosed. - **Rap Battle (FlipTop)**: Verbal jousts with rhyme and meter, likened to modern-day Balagtasan. IV. [Poetry from Different Parts of the World] 1. **Australia** - **Geographical Features**: Australia is the sixth-largest country, surrounded by water, covering 7.692 million square kilometers. - **Literary Themes in Australia**: Australian literature often explores themes of **aboriginality**, **mateship**, **national identity**, **migration**, and **the Australian bush**. - **Sample Poem**: *\"Killing a Mosquito\"* by **Peter Porter**. - The poem compares life to the trivial act of killing a mosquito, reflecting on human fear of death. 2. **Asia** - **Geographical Features**: **Asia is the world's largest continent**, covering 44.6 million square kilometers. It has diverse climates and geography, from deserts to rainforests and mountains, contributing to varied vegetation and wildlife. - **Literary Themes in Southeast Asia**: Southeast Asian literature often revolves around **politics**, **social structures**, **nationalism**, **family values**, **spirituality**, and **tradition**. These themes reflect the region's diverse philosophies and belief systems. 1. **Focus on National Identity:** Southeast Asian literature often emphasizes the struggle for national identity, particularly in response to historical periods of colonization and political upheaval. 2. **Social Duty and Reputation:** Honor is a core value in many Asian cultures, especially in Southeast Asia, where it often dictates social behavior and interactions. Literature from this region frequently focuses on characters who are bound by their sense of honor, whether it is loyalty to their community, the pursuit of justice, or upholding their personal integrity. 3. **Respect for Family and Elders:** Filial piety, or respect for one\'s parents and ancestors, is a fundamental principle in many Southeast Asian cultures, strongly influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and other philosophical traditions. - **Sample Poem**: *\"Yellow or Red\"* by **Preeyakit Buranasin** - The poem addresses the complexities of identity, rejecting simplistic labels. 3. **North America** - **Geographical Features**: North America covers 24.23 million square kilometers, **the third-largest continent** with abundant natural resources, such as fertile soils, forests, and fresh water. - **Literary Themes in the United States**: American literature explores **modernism** and **postmodernism**, often dealing with themes like **alienation**, **transformation**, **disillusionment**, and the **American Dream**. - **Sample Poem**: *\"21st Century Haiku Part IV\"* by **JM Romig** - The poem humorously reflects on modern life, touching on technology and consumerism. 4. **South America** - **Geographical Features:** South America is the fourth-largest continent, with a total area of 17.8 million square kilometers. It has diverse landscapes, including the Andes Mountains and the Amazon Basin. - **Literary Themes in South America:** Modern South American literature has moved away from magical realism to focus on postmodern themes, such as shifting identities, unconventional family structures, and randomness in life. - **Sample Poem: *\"****Lifecycles**\"*** **by Fabian Casas** - The poem delves into existential themes, addressing the inevitability of death and life\'s fleeting moments**.** It explores themes of mortality and choices about death. 5. **Africa** - **Geographical Features:** Africa is the second-largest continent, covering 30.3 million square kilometers. It is rich in mineral resources and biological diversity, including lush rainforests and famous wildlife reserves. - **Literary Themes in Africa:** African literature often explores postcolonial issues, identity, displacement, and globalization. Contemporary African poetry addresses themes like migration, corruption, and the impact of technology. - **Sample Poem: *\"****In Another World**\"*** **by Rasaq Malik** - The poem portrays a longing for peace, free from violence, reflecting the harsh realities of war-torn regions in Africa.