Reviewer for G11-21st Century Literature

Reviewer for G11- 21st Century Literature from the Philippines to the World. Imagery- the use of descriptive language and vivid Purpose of Imagery details that appeal to the senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell—to create mental images and Evoke Emotion: Helps readers connect emotional...

Reviewer for G11- 21st Century Literature from the Philippines to the World. Imagery- the use of descriptive language and vivid Purpose of Imagery details that appeal to the senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell—to create mental images and Evoke Emotion: Helps readers connect emotionally evoke emotions in the reader. It helps to make to the text. abstract ideas more tangible and enhances the Set the Scene: Establishes mood, tone, and reader's experience by immersing them in the world atmosphere. of the text. Enhance Themes: Strengthens the story's messages or symbols. Types of Imagery Engage the Reader: Makes the text more immersive and memorable. Visual Imagery: Descriptions that appeal to the sense of sight. Example: "The golden rays of the setting sun Personification is a literary device in which human reflected off the calm, rippling lake." qualities, emotions, or actions are attributed to non- human objects, animals, ideas, or abstract concepts. Auditory Imagery: Descriptions that appeal to the This technique brings inanimate or abstract elements sense of hearing. to life, making them relatable and vivid to the reader. Example: "The rustling leaves whispered secrets in Examples of Personification the gentle breeze." Inanimate Objects: Tactile Imagery: Descriptions that appeal to the "The wind whispered through the trees." sense of touch. (The wind is described as whispering, which is a Example: "The rough bark of the tree scraped against human action.) her fingertips." Nature: Olfactory Imagery: Descriptions that appeal to the "The sun smiled down on the village." sense of smell. (The sun is given the human trait of smiling.) Example: "The air was thick with the earthy aroma of wet soil after the rain." Abstract Ideas: "Justice stood tall, blindfolded but unshaken." Gustatory Imagery: Descriptions that appeal to the (Justice, an abstract concept, is personified as a sense of taste. strong, unwavering figure.) Example: "The tangy sweetness of the orange lingered on his tongue." Animals: "The dog grinned at his owner after stealing the Kinesthetic Imagery: Descriptions that evoke the sandwich." sense of movement or physical tension. (The dog is described with a human expression— Example: "She felt the pounding rhythm of her grinning.) heartbeat as she raced up the stairs." Purpose of Personification Organic Imagery: Descriptions that convey internal sensations like hunger, thirst, fear, or joy. Emotional Connection: Makes descriptions more Example: "A wave of nausea rolled through her relatable by attributing familiar human traits to the stomach as the tension grew." non-human. Enhance Imagery: Adds depth and vividness to Builds Suspense: Creates intrigue by withholding descriptions. information and gradually revealing it through flashbacks. Create Mood: Sets a tone, such as a cheerful mood when "flowers dance in the breeze" or a somber Example of Flashback in Literature mood when "the sky weeps." In "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, Scout often recalls her childhood memories, providing context Convey Themes: Helps writers express complex ideas for the racial and social tensions in her town. symbolically through human-like behavior. In "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Flashback - narrative technique used in literature, Gatsby’s past relationship with Daisy is revealed film, and other storytelling forms to interrupt the through flashbacks, which explain his obsession and chronological sequence of events and take the actions. audience back to an earlier time. This technique provides background information, adds depth to Queer theory - intellectual and cultural movement characters, or explains the context of the current that emerged in the early 1990s, drawing upon events. feminist theory, post-structuralism, and LGBTQ+ activism. It critiques and deconstructs traditional Characteristics of Flashback understandings of sexuality, gender, and identity, arguing that these categories are fluid, socially constructed, and often used to enforce normative Temporal Shift: The story momentarily departs from power structures. the present timeline to revisit past events. Purposeful Insight: Flashbacks often reveal crucial Marxism - socio-political and economic theory details about a character's past, relationships, or developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the motivations. 19th century. It provides a framework for analyzing and critiquing the structure of capitalist societies and Seamless Integration: A well-executed flashback advocating for a revolutionary transformation blends naturally with the main narrative, often towards socialism and, ultimately, communism. triggered by a memory, dialogue, or event. Functions of Flashbacks Feminism - social, political, and intellectual movement advocating for the rights, equality, and Character Development: Helps the audience empowerment of women and marginalized genders. understand a character's backstory or emotional It challenges systems of patriarchy and seeks to depth. dismantle social, cultural, and economic structures Example: A character recalls their childhood to that perpetuate gender inequality. explain their fear of water. Biographical theory - literary and critical approach Plot Clarification: Reveals key events or details that that focuses on the life of the author and how their explain current situations or conflicts. personal experiences, beliefs, and circumstances Example: A detective remembers a crucial clue from influence their work. This theory seeks to understand an earlier case. how an author’s life—such as their background, relationships, and historical context—shapes their Theme Reinforcement: Highlights recurring themes writing, themes, characters, and the meaning of their by linking past events to the story's present. texts. Biographical criticism often looks at the author's intentions, personal history, and events in their life to interpret the deeper layers of their works. "The Gift of the Magi" - short story by O. Henry, Christopher Marlowe (1564–1593) - an English renowned for its poignant depiction of love and playwright, poet, and translator of the Elizabethan selflessness. It tells the story of a young couple, Jim era. He was one of the most influential figures in and Della, who are financially constrained but deeply early English drama, a contemporary of William in love. Each sacrifices their most treasured Shakespeare, and a pioneer of blank verse. possession to buy a meaningful gift for the other. Marlowe's works are celebrated for their complex Della sells her beautiful long hair to buy a chain for characters, poetic mastery, and exploration of Jim’s pocket watch, while Jim sells his watch to buy ambition, power, and human frailty. combs for Della’s hair. Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) - an American writer, The Hunger Games - dystopian novel by Suzanne poet, editor, and literary critic best known for his Collins, published in 2008, and is the first in a trilogy. macabre and Gothic tales. He is considered a master The story is set in the nation of Panem, a post- of the short story and a pioneer of both the modern apocalyptic society divided into 12 districts and a detective story and the psychological horror genre. wealthy Capitol. Each year, the Capitol forces the His works often explore themes of death, madness, districts to send one boy and one girl, called love, and the supernatural, and they continue to "tributes," to participate in the Hunger Games, a captivate readers for their dark beauty and televised fight to the death meant to remind the innovative storytelling. districts of the Capitol's control. Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) - a prominent American theologian, preacher, and philosopher Dead Men's Path - short story by Nigerian author during the First Great Awakening, a period of Chinua Achebe, first published in 1953. The story is a religious revival in the American colonies. Known for brilliant commentary on tradition versus modernity, his fiery sermons and profound theological writings, cultural conflict, and the consequences of arrogance Edwards played a key role in shaping American in leadership. Protestantism and is considered one of the most important figures in American religious history. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - novel by Mark Twain, first published in 1884. It is considered one of Magical realism - literary and artistic genre where the great American classics, known for its vivid magical elements are blended with the real world in portrayal of life along the Mississippi River and its a way that they are accepted as part of everyday life. critique of pre-Civil War Southern society. The key characteristic of magical realism is the seamless integration of fantastical or supernatural The Iliad and the Odyssey - two epic poems events into a realistic setting, with the magical attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, written elements treated as normal or unremarkable by the around the 8th century BCE. These works are characters in the story. This creates a unique cornerstones of Western literature, telling grand contrast, where the extraordinary exists alongside tales of heroism, war, and adventure during the the ordinary, often revealing deeper truths about mythological age of Ancient Greece. human nature, society, and culture. The Code of Hammurabi - one of the oldest and most Metaphor - figure of speech in which one thing is comprehensive written legal codes in history, directly compared to another, without using "like" or established by King Hammurabi of Babylon around "as" (which would make it a simile). It implies that 1754 BCE. Inscribed on a tall black basalt stele, the one thing is another to highlight similarities between code consists of 282 laws that governed various them, often adding depth or meaning to a concept. aspects of Babylonian society, from trade and contracts to marriage and criminal justice. For example: In many poems, rhyme and rhythm work together to enhance the structure and meaning of the poem, "Time is a thief" – This metaphor suggests that time creating a cohesive and often pleasing experience for steals moments from us, even though time isn't the reader or listener. literally a thief. Key characteristics of a metaphor: Direct comparison: Unlike similes, which use "like" or "as," metaphors imply the comparison directly. Symbolism: Metaphors often create a symbolic meaning by comparing an abstract concept with something more tangible or familiar. Transformation: They transform the meaning of something by associating it with something else, offering new perspectives. Examples of metaphors: "The world is a stage." (The world is being compared to a stage, suggesting life is like a performance.) "He’s a rock." (This metaphor implies that the person is strong and dependable, like a rock.) "She’s a night owl." (This metaphor compares the person to an owl, suggesting she is active at night.) Reflective poetry - type of poetry that focuses on deep contemplation, self-examination, and thoughtfulness about life, experiences, or emotions. It often arises from moments of introspection, where the poet reflects personal insights, memories, or the broader nature of existence. This kind of poetry can explore themes like change, identity, loss, love, or time, with an emphasis on the poet's inner thoughts or feelings. Importance of Rhyme and Rhythm: Rhyme can create musicality, help with memorization, and tie ideas together. Rhythm contributes to the poem's pacing, emotional tone, and overall feel, whether it’s swift and energetic or slow and reflective.