#2.1 Historical Development of Science and Technology(1).pdf

Historical Development of Science and Technology Prepared by: Jobelle R. Tapia, LPT, MSc  Overview Objective: Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history Parts: T in Prehistoric time T in Ancient Civilization S & T in Middle Ag...

Historical Development of Science and Technology Prepared by: Jobelle R. Tapia, LPT, MSc  Overview Objective: Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history Parts: T in Prehistoric time T in Ancient Civilization S & T in Middle Ages S & T in the Modern World  Technology in Ancient Civilization Sumerian and Babylonian Civilization (4500-1900 BC) (1900 BC-539 BC Pottery, Form of writing (cuneiform), hydraulic engineering, chariot, plow, textile mill, bricks out of clay, metallurgy, sexagesimal system, Ziggurat, Wheel, calendar, Astrology, Materia medica, sail boat, fabrication of copper Hanging Garden of Babylon, Math (fractions, square, and square roots), bookkeeping, jewelry, code of Hammurabi, 1st map, prediction of solar & lunar eclipse  Technology during Ancient Civilization Ancient Egyptian (3100 BC- 332 BC) -mirror, toothpaste, engineering and construction, Pyramids, ox- drawn plow, hieroglyphics, mummification, irrigation, Calendar (1st : 365 days devised by Imhotep based on Sirius; 2nd: phases of the moon, 29 ½ days), papyrus, water clock , wigs & henna tattoo, tweezers & razors, surgery, ramp & lever, lighthouse technology, Library of Alexandria  Technology during Ancient Civilization Indus-Hindu Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BC) - Water wells, Herbal remedies, surgery (even plastic surgery), Math (Indus numerals ,indian measurement based on body parts, negative & positive values, square & cube roots, quadratic equations, value of pi, and infinity, sine function, spherical geometry), jewelry, Iron pillar of Delhi, stupa spinning wheel and Punjab, indigo plant for dyeing, pottery  Technology during Ancient Civilization Ancient China -Zhou (1046-256 B.C.E), Qin (221-206 B.C.E), and Ming (1368-1644 C.E.) - Paper making, gun powder (1000 AD), compass, alcohol, tea production, silk, umbrella, Iron smelting, porcelain, bronze vessel, lacquer, seismograph or earthquake weathercock, paper money, horse-drawn war chariots, escapement device, pharmacology, acupuncture, 1st movable type printer by Pi Sheng, magnetic iron ore  Technology during Ancient Civilization Persian Civilization (559 B.C.E-331 B.C.E) -also known as Achaemenid Empire; Ancient Iranian Empire - Gold & silver coinage, 1st regular postal system, taxation system, Qanat, Sulfuric acid (discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi)  Technology in Ancient Civilization Ancient Greek Civilization - Philosophy & Mathematics - Bronze Age to Iron Age - Mathematical Models (geometry, logical deductions, trigonometry) - Invented the Alarm Clock & Watermills  Philosophy in Ancient Civilization Ancient Greek Civilization - Presocratic (600-400 BCE): - Considered as natural philosophers (self-conscious inquiry into nature) - Develops schools of thoughts (group of teachers and students who thought about the same problem) - Rational debate in which they use reason, logic, and observation  Philosophy in Ancient Civilization Ancient Greek Civilization (12th-9th century BC) Presocratic: 1. Thales- separate the natural world from divine - geometry - water is most basic element 2. Anaximander- student of Thales - first Philosopher who write down his ideas - he rejected water as the basic element, but proposed “apeiron”, a formless initial state - gnomon  Philosophy in Ancient Civilization Ancient Greek Civilization Presocratics: 3. Empedocles- 4 elements mixed by two forces (Love and Strife) 4. Pythagoras- introduced idealism in science (generations of abstract models) - numbers are sacred - role of mathematical truth 5. Democritus- atomos 6. Hippocrates- body is capable of healing itself; “Father of Greek Medicine” 7. Archimedes- lever & pulley, invented hydrostatics  Philosophy in Ancient Civilization Ancient Greek Civilization Socratic: (idealism and empiricism) (399 BCE) 1. Plato- founded a physical school called “The Academy” - “thinking about thinking”- training on how to think properly - uses idealism (theory of nature based on perfect abstraction) - cosmos is perfect  Philosophy in Ancient Civilization Ancient Greek Civilization Socratic: (idealism and empiricism) (399 BCE) 2. Aristotle- empiricism (based on empirical evidence) - founded the Lyceum - four elements and aether or quintessence with 4 physical sensations (hot, cold, dry, and wet) - knowledge preceded by the experience of senses  Technology in Ancient Civilization Ancient Rome - newspaper, codex, introduced Roman numerals, - Engineering (e.g. Pantheon, cathedrals, basilica), used odometer by Archimedes, tower crane, water clock, Anaximander pioneering cartography, Olympics, Julian calendar (12 months, 365 days, and leap day in every four years)  Science and Technology in Middle Ages 5th to 15th century from the Fall of Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and Age of Discovery Was Science dead in Medieval Society? Early Middle Ages (500-1000 AD)- Dark Ages High Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD)- Rebirth of Science and Scholasticism Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)- Scholasticism and Scientific Method  Science and Technology in Middle Ages Arabic & Islamic Civilization - scientific and technological knowledge - Arab system of numbers, alchemy, used glass lens for magnification, manufacture black powder, produced first gun made up of bamboo  Science and Technology in Middle Ages Scholasticism- philosophical systems and speculative tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers, who, working against a background of fixed religious dogma, sought to solve anew general philosophical problems (as of faith, and reason, will and intellect, realism and the provability of the existence of God)