Joints PDF

Joints Tuesday, October 10, 2023 10:49 AM JOINTS TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS ◊ Also called "articulations"...

Joints Tuesday, October 10, 2023 10:49 AM JOINTS TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS ◊ Also called "articulations" PLANE JOINT ◊ Where two or more bones meet / connect ◊ Functions ○ Give skeleton mobility ◊ Provides a gliding motion ○ Hold skeleton together ◊ Seen in carpal / tarsal ones as well in between the superior and inferior articular process CALSSIFICATION OF JOINTS ◊ You have two flattish surfaces sliding along each other ◊ Can move side-to-side or front and back (a) (b) (c) The material that holds the bones together ◊ Seen in our elbow, knees, and phalanges ◊ Where one bone wraps around the rounded edge of another ◊ Flexion / extension movement CLASS A: FIBROUS JOINTS ◊ Bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue ◊ Immoveable or slightly moveable Types Notes Image Suture ◊ Suture between skull bones Only found in the skull ◊ Only allow for rotation ◊ Two bones loosely connected and held in place by a ligament ◊ In the radioulnar joint ○ The radius moves along the ulna to make the pronation movement ◊ Can also be found b/w C1 and C2 ○ A ligament holds the dens in place ○ Allows rotational movement of C1 around the dens of C2 Syndesmosis ◊ Slight movement at suture ◊ Short in width ◊ Can allow for microscopic amount of movement ◊ Ex 1: when you hit your head the ◊ Flexion / extension and adduction / abduction movement bones will give a little to prevent ◊ Can also be found b/w the carpal and metacarpals the bones from breaking ◊ Ex 2: syndesmosis b/w tibia and fibula at distal tibiofibular joint → Held together by slightly loner joint fibers → Slight movement but not much ◊ Ex 3: syndesmosis between tooth and socket of alveolar process Interosseous ◊ Interosseous membrane between membrane diaphysis of tibia and fibula → Long sheet of connective tissue connecting 2 bones → Slight movement but not ◊ Called this b/c t looks like a saddle much ◊ Curved motion ◊ Movement in 2 planes (biaxial) CLASS B: CARTILAGINOUS ◊ Bones joined by cartilage ◊ Immoveable or slightly moveable ◊ Seen at the hip and shoulders ◊ Ball in cup ◊ Allows for all directional movement Type Notes Image Synchondrosis → "chondro" is another term for cartilage → Is where 2 bones are united by hyaline cartilage → Only where the first rib connects to the manubrium DOUBLE - JOINTED ◊ A double-jointed person does not have extra joints Symphysis → where the bones are joined by ◊ Pro: joint(s) are more flexible due to increased flexibility in articular capsule / ligaments fibrocartilage ◊ Con: decreased stability = increased risk of injury ○ Can be a big problem in the future -> lead to wear and tear in the joint COMMON JOINT INJURIES 1. Cartilage Tear ◊ A common overuse injury (esp. knee menisci) ◊ Cartilage fragments can interfere with joint function ○ Can press on vessels (arteries, veins) = pain ○ Typically removed by arthroscopic surgery § A little incision is made and an arthroscope sucks up all the broken pieces ○ b/c cartilage is avascular it can't repair itself since in doesn’t have its own blood supply 2. Sprains ◊ Is when a ligament gets stretched or torn ◊ Ligaments reinforcing joint are stretched or torn Epiphyseal cartilage → Will later become bone in adults ◊ Healing is slow due to poor vascularization → Remains as cartilage as a child bc ◊ Different degrees of sprains from 1 - 3 this is the region where bones will ○ Partial and lower grade tears can be treated with physiotherapy grow in length ○ 1 - left : slight tearing ○ 2 - middle : stretching ○ 3 - right: completely torn, can be surgically reattached or have a ligament graft added INFLAMMATORY / DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS 1. Tendonitis ◊ Cause = overuse, excessive rubbing from repetitive motion on a tendon ◊ Treatment = with rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs ○ Physiotherapy - will strengthen other muscles so the over used one can rest ◊ Common in baseball players and swimmer ◊ A tendon is wat connects muscle to bone and it heals slowly CLASS C: SYNOIAL ◊ Only tearing (partial or full) on a tendon is called a strain ◊ Bones covered with articular cartilage, separated by joint cavity and enclosed within capsule ◊ Inflammation: body will immediately send increased blood to the area b/c it brings immune ○ The fluid provides for smoother area for bones to move freely = mobility cells and cells that can fix things. All the blood will cause swelling and push onto other ◊ Freely moveable structures near by like arteries and nerves 2. Arthritis ◊ The synovial cavity allows for nutrients and oxygen ◊ = anything causing inflammation or pain to a joint to move within the joint to get to all the cells in the bone, and includes cartilage that like articular ◊ Over 100 different types ◊ Diseases affective joint comfort and function cartilage made of hyaline cartilage and some additional cartilage for support called meniscus ◊ Causes vary: genetic, aging, biomechanics ( the way you walk: walk with toes pointing inwards affects alignment of the ○ Meniscus is extra disc b/w two bones for knees and hips -> over time will cause additional wear and tear on the cartilage on the synovial capsule = inflammation protection