Musculoskeletal System PPT PDF

 Short Bones Carpal Long bone Femur Flat Bone Irregular Bones Sternum Vertebrae § Muscles § 40-50% of body’s weight § Muscle contraction causes movement § Skeletal--vo...

 Short Bones Carpal Long bone Femur Flat Bone Irregular Bones Sternum Vertebrae § Muscles § 40-50% of body’s weight § Muscle contraction causes movement § Skeletal--voluntary § Smooth--involuntary § Cardiac--Myocardium § Voluntary control § Attached to bone by tendons ¡ Extension ¡ Abduction ¡ Adduction Circumduction ¡ Pronation ¡ Supination ¡ Circumduction Supination ¡ Inversion Abduction ¡ Eversion ¡ Rotation ¡ Protraction ¡ Retraction ¡ Elevation ¡ Depression ¡ Joints/Articulation § Meeting of two or more bones § Nonsynovial ▪ Fibrous—immovable ▪ Cartilaginous—Slightly movable Synovial Joint ¡ Joint is freely movable ¡ Bones covered by cartilage ¡ Bones separated by joint capsule/synovial cavity ¡ Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid that lubricates joint movement § shoulder, knee § Overall decreased mobility, and endurance § Resorption process becomes unbalanced § Bone loss becomes greater than new bone growth/decreased bone density § Most pronounced in vertebrae and long bones § Vertebral column shortens § Decreased bone density (Osteoporosis) § Intervertebral disc shortening § Lose up to 3 inches by age 90 § Kyphosis § Increased convexity of Thoracic Spine § Bony prominences become more pronounced § Loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue Loss of muscle mass ¡ Articulation of mandible and temporal bone ¡ Anterior to tragus of the ear ▪ Flexion/Extension ▪ Gliding—protrusion and retraction ▪ Gliding—side-to-side ¡ Vertebrae ¡ 33 connecting bones § 7 cervical § 12 thoracic § 5 lumbar § 5 sacral § 3-4 coccygeal ¡ Act as a cushion for the spine ¡ Shock absorber ¡ Help with movement ¡ Flexion and lateral flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation ¡ Ball and socket—flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, external and internal rotation ¡ Articulation of § Humerus with glenoid fossa of scapula ¡ Surrounded by 4 muscles & tendons § Labeled the Rotator Cuff ¡ Subacromial Bursa Glenoid Fossa ¡ Elbow § Articulation of humerus, radius and ulna § Hinge joint § Flexion, Extension, Pronation & Supination § Wrist flexion, extension and side-to-side deviation at radiocarpal joint § Finger flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction ¡ Articulation of acetabulum and head of femur ¡ Ball and socket joint ¡ Very stable due to: § muscles over the joint § Strong fibrous articular capsule § Head of femur deep in acetabulum § Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotation  Flexion Flexion Abduction Adduction External and Internal Rotation Hyperextension ¡ Articulation of femur, tibia and patella ¡ Largest joint ¡ Hinge joint § Flexion, extension ¡ Suprapatellar pouch ¡ Medial menisci ¡ Lateral menisci ¡ Ligaments ¡ Bursa ¡ Ankle articulation of tibia, fibula & talus ¡ Hinge joint ¡ Flexion and extension (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion) ¡ Medial & lateral malleolus ¡ Common Concerning Symptoms § Low back pain § Neck Pain § TMJ pain § Joint pain ▪ Without accompanying s/s ▪ With fever, chills, rash, anorexia, weight loss, weakness ▪ With accompanying s/s from other body systems ¡ Joints/Bones/Muscles § History of trauma, injury, surgery § Pain § Compare bilaterally § Deformity § Redness § Heat ¡ Nutrition ¡ Sunlight ¡ Change in Mobility ¡ Wellness behaviors ¡ Occupational hazards § Nursing, secretarial, warehouse, construction ¡ Exercise ¡ Weight gain, loss ¡ Medications ¡ Mimic movements for better understanding ¡ DO NOT push joint ROM past normal ¡ Stop when pt c/o pain ¡ Rest periods if necessary ¡ Inspection § Begins as patient walks toward you § Gait § Joint symmetry § Alignment § Bony deformities ¡ Combine Inspection, palpation, ROM, and muscle strength of all joints ¡ TMJ ¡ Shoulders ¡ Elbow ¡ Wrists, hands, fingers ¡ Hips ¡ Knees ¡ Ankles, feet ¡ Spine ¡ Inspect/palpate § joint and surrounding tissues for: ▪ Skin changes ▪ Swelling ▪ Warmth ▪ Tenderness ▪ Redness ▪ Nodules ▪ Muscle atrophy ▪ Crepitus ▪ Inadequate ROM ▪ Pain with ROM ¡ Arthritis § Obesity ¡ Osteoporosis § Increase weight bearing exercise for pre menopausal women § Improve nutrition § Smoking/alcohol use § Post-menopausal women ¡ Back Pain § Occupational injuries 50% of disability from back pain § Obesity ¡ Acute Gout § Redness, swelling and heat around joint of first toe ¡ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome § Repetitive motion compresses medial nerve § Pain, numbness, decreased function ¡ Osteoarthritis (DJD) § Erosion of joint cartilage § Age, previous injury § Weight bearing joints § Obesity Rheumatoid Arthritis § Chronic inflammation of synovial membrane of joint § Autoimmune process § Symmetrical swelling of hands and feet § Long term loss of function ¡ Dislocation § Displacement of bone from location in joint ¡ Sprain § Injury to joint capsule, forced movement beyond ROM ¡ Fracture § Pain § Swelling § Loss of limb use § Bruising Dislocated Shoulder