2024 - AMMLM - Chap04 - Tillage Equipment.pdf

2024 AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING BOARD EXAM REVIEWER TILLAGE EQUIPMENT by Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, MS Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer ASEAN Engineer VOLUME 3 – AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AN...

2024 AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING BOARD EXAM REVIEWER TILLAGE EQUIPMENT by Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, MS Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer ASEAN Engineer VOLUME 3 – AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION Disclaimer Photos, illustrations and schematic diagrams of equipment or machine parts are shown in the presentation solely for educational purposes to facilitate comprehension of the topics by the students. Showing them does not endorse a product nor imply criticism of similar products not mentioned.  TILLAGE ☐ Tillage - is the mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose.  Primary Objectives n Elimination and permanent control of the original vegetation (weeds); n Creation of conditions favoring the germination, emergence, and growth of the cultivated plants; and n Conservation and improvement of the soil as the growth medium for cultivated crops.  Basic Operation n Reduction of volume (compaction) of the soil; n Cutting of soil; n Shear plane formation (crumbling, pulverization) in the soil; n Transport or movement of soil from one place to another place; and n Deformation of soil mass.  PRIMARY TILLAGE EQUIPMENT n Primary Tillage – an operation that constitutes the initial major soil working operations. It is normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant residues, and rearrange aggregates. Moldboard Plow Disk Plow Rotary Plow Chisel Plow Subsoiler  Moldboard Plow Hydraulic Control System Headstock Frame Lower Link Point Moldboard Shank Share Reversible Plow  Disk Plow Headstock Hydraulic Control System Furrow Wheel Frame Lower Link Point Shank Disk Scraper  Rotary Plow Gear Box Headstock Lower Link Point Drive Shaft Tines Transmission Drive Box Drive Shaft Tractor with Attached Rotary Plow Rotary Plowing  Chisel Plow Lower Link Point Headstock Ground Frame Wheel Shank Chisel Note: Ground wheels controls the depth of plowing Different Kinds of Chisel Blades Used for Cultivation Chisel Plow During Operation Chiselling only loosen the soil usually deeper that the conventional moldboard and disc plowing.  Subsoiler ☐ Implement attached to a heavy-duty tractor used to loosen hard pan.  Effects of Primary Tillage Implement Implement Moldboard Disk Plow Rotary Chisel Effect Plow Plow Plow Pulverizing Medium Medium Big Small Loosening Big Medium Medium Big Mixing Small Medium Big Small Inverting Big Medium Small Small Creating natural drainage system by making lateral holes beneath the soil. Mole Plow  SECONDARY TILLAGE ☐ Secondary tillage - is an implement intended to create refined soil conditions following primary tillage operation. Harrow (spike tooth, spring tooth, disk, power harrows) Roller Pulverizer Mulcher Lister  Hydraulic Remote Control Frame Ground Wheel Disk Disk Gang Offset-Disk Harrow Hydraulic Remote Control Frame Ground Wheel Disk Disk Gang Tandem-Disk Harrow Disk Blades Harrowing Operation  Spike-Tooth Harrow Five-Bar, Spike-Tooth Harrow Factors Affecting the Depth of Penetration of Disk Harrow n Angle of disk gang n Weight of the harrow n Sharpness of disks n Size of disks n Concavity of disk n Angle of hitch  Types of Gang Arrangement of Disk Harrow n Single Action - Two gangs placed end-to-end which throws the soil opposite in direction n Double Action or Tandem – Two sets of gangs follow behind the front gangs so as the front gang throws the soil outward while the rear gang throws the soil inward. n Offset – the harrow is set in an offset position either on the right or left of the tractor. Offset Offset Tandem Double Wide Side Offset Tandem-Disk Harrow Tandem-Offset-Disk Harrow Harrowing Operation using Spring-Tooth Harrow Tandem-Offset-Disk Harrow Other Tillage Equipment Strip Tillage Reduce Tillage Conservation Tillage n Roller Packer – An implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil. n Roller Harrow – An implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes the soil clods also smoothens and firms the soil surface. n Bed Shaper – A soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes. ¾Culti-Packer – Used to compact the surface of the soil in order to minimize water evaporation. It consists of a cultivator followed by compacting the soil with gangs of rubber tire wheel. ¾Soil Sifter – Used to remove stones from the field by stirring the soil and allow it pass through a heavy duty oscillating screen. ¾ Soil Chopper – Used to form non-uniform ridges to entrap water, especially when rained or applied with surface water during irrigation. ¾ Soil Dreger – Used to construct irrigation and drainage canal.  References n ASAE. ASAE Standards 1997. Standard Engineering Practices Data. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. The Society for Engineering in Agricultural, Food, and Biological Systems. 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA. Pp. 264-275. n Campbell, J. K. 1990. Dibble Sticks, Donkey, and Diesel. International Rice Research Institute. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. 329pp. n Hunt, D. and D. Wilson. 2016. Farm Power and Machinery Management. 11th Edition. Waveland Press, Inc. Long Groove, Illinois. 360pp. n Hunt, D. 1982. Farm Power and Machinery Management. Eight Edition. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 325pp. n Smith, H. P. and L. H. Wilkes. 1977. Farm Machinery and Equipment. Sixth Edition. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, India. 487pp. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. Mechanical manipulation of soil for 4. Which of the following is not any desired purpose. basic to tillage operation? a. Land grading a. Reduction of volume of the soil b. Tillage b. Cutting of soil c. Deformation of soil mass c. Earth moving d. None of the above d. None of the above 5. Operation that constitutes the 2. Which of the following is a primary initial major soil working operation. objective of tillage? a. Primary tillage a. To eliminate and to permanently b. Secondary tillage control the growth of weeds. c. All of the above b. To create a favorable condition for d. None of the above germination, emergence and growth of the cultivated plants. 6. Operation intended to create c. To conserve and to improve the soil refined soil conditions. as a medium for the growth of a. Primary tillage cultivated crops. b. Secondary tillage d. All of the above c. All of the above d. None of the above 3. General fragmentation of soil mass resulting from the action of 7. Primary tillage operation includes: tillage forces. a. pulverizing a. Soil reaction b. mulching b. Soil shatter c. plowing c. Soil sliding d. All of the above d. None of the above 8. Secondary tillage operation. 11. Minimum soil manipulation a. Listing necessary for crop production b. Subsoiling or for meeting tillage c. Harrowing requirements under existing d. All of the above soil condition. a. No-tillage planting 9. Tillage operation traditionally b. Much tillage performed in preparing seedbeds c. Minimum tillage for a given crop commonly d. None of the above grown in a given geographical area. 12. Tillage or soil preparation a. Conventional tillage in which plant residues are b. Conservation tillage specifically left on or near the c. Strip tillage surface. d. None of the above a. Strip tillage b. Mulch tillage 10. Primary tillage operation that c. Optimum tillage manipulates the soil to a depth d. None of the above greater than 300mm. a. Reservoir tillage b. Deep tillage c. Ridge tillage d. None of the above 13. Tillage system that operates 16. Equipment, which displaces with fewer or lesser energy and shatters soil, used to reduce compared with that of the soil strength and to bury or mix conventional tillage. plant materials and fertilizers in the a. Minimum tillage tilled layer. b. No-till tillage a. Primary tillage equipment c. Reduce tillage b. Secondary tillage equipment d. All of the above c. Seeding and planting equipment d. None of the above 14. When 30% or less of the soil surface is tilled, the tillage 17. Pushing or rolling of soil by a operation employed is _____. steeply inclined blade. a. minimum tillage a. Bulldozing b. strip tillage b. Chiseling c. ridge tillage c. Subsoiling d. All of the above d. None of the above 15. Which of the following affects 18. Soil-tool reaction in which soil the energy requirement in tillage slides along the surface of the operation? tillage tool without significant a. Type and condition of the soil adhesion. b. Shape, working depth and a. Sliding speed of tool b. Scouring c. All of the above c. Soil cutting d. None of the above d. None of the above 19. Primary or secondary tillage a. Listing implement used for broadcast or b. Harrowing for strip tillage and also used as a c. Chiseling chemical incorporator prior to d. None of the above planting. a. Roller tiller 22. Secondary tillage operation b. Roller harrow which pulverizes, smoothens and c. Packer packs the soil during seedbed d. None of the above preparation and also controls weeds. 20. Secondary tillage implement a. Harrowing consisting of one or two in-line b. Listing gang rollers used for crushing soil c. Chiseling clods and for compacting the soil. d. None of the above a. Roller tiller b. Packer 23. Deep chiseling, below 16 c. Roller harrow inches, for the purpose of d. None of the above loosening the soil for root growth and/or for water movement. 21. Tillage and land-forming a. Ridging operation using a tool that splits b. Chiseling the soil and turns two furrows c. Subsoiling laterally in opposite directions, d. None of the above thereby providing a ridge-and- furrow soil configuration.