PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery Soil Tillage Terminology PDF

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 106 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Philippine Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 397:1980- “Terminology for Tillage Equipment”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Eva...

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 106 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Philippine Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 397:1980- “Terminology for Tillage Equipment”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard. This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed below: - title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of International Standard; and - modification of tillage terminologies to make it comprehensible. In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) EP291.2:1993 Terminology and Definitions for Soil Tillage and Soil-Tool Relationships American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S414.1:1997 Terminology and Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements. PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 106 : 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology 1 Scope This standard includes the definitions used in the general classification, design, construction, operation and performance of tillage equipment and soil-tool relationships. 2 Definitions 2.1 Basic tillage goals 2.1.1 tillage action action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation EXAMPLE soil cutting, shattering and/or inversion 2.1.2 tillage objective desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations 2.1.3 tillage requirement soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on utilitarian and/or economic considerations 2.2 General tillage terms and kind of tillage 2.2.1 broadcast tillage overall tillage tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips 2.2.2 deep tillage primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm NOTE It may be accomplished with a very heavy-duty moldboard or disc plow which inverts the soil, or with a chisel plow or subsoiler which shatters the soil. 2.2.3 earthmoving tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil PAES 106 : 2000 2.2.4 land forming tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations NOTE Forming may be done on a large scale such as contouring or terracing, or on a small scale such as ridging or pitting. 2.2.4.1 land grading tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope EXAMPLE leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling. 2.2.4.2 land planing tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface condition 2.2.5 oriented tillage tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines 2.2.6 rotary tillage tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil 2.2.7 soil cultivation shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control 2.2.8 tillage mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose NOTE In agriculture the term is usually restricted to the changing of soil conditions for the enhancement of crop production. 2.2.8.1 primary tillage tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates 2.2.8.2 secondary tillage tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding -2  PAES 106 : 2000 2.2.9 tillage depth tool depth vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool 2.3 Tillage systems 2.3.1 conservation tillage system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion period (see also item 2.3.4) 2.3.2 conventional tillage system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given geographical area 2.3.3 minimum tillage system wherein least soil manipulation is performed 2.3.4 mulch tillage system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface (see also item 2.3.1) 2.3.5 optimum tillage idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given conditions 2.3.6 precision tillage subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage 2.3.7 reduced tillage system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations 2.3.8 reservoir tillage system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water 3 PAES 106 : 2000 2.3.9 ridge tillage system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from year to year in the same location NOTE Seeding is done on the ridge top. 2.3.10 strip tillage system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled 2.4 Specific tillage operation 2.4.1 anchoring tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or artificial mulches 2.4.2 bedding ridging listing tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration 2.4.3 bulldozing pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade 2.4.4 chisel plowing tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used NOTE Chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm is termed subsoiling (see item 2.4.12). 2.4.5 combined tillage operations operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a field 2.4.6 harrowing operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting NOTE It is commonly used before seeding. -4  PAES 106 : 2000 2.4.7 incorporating mixing operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil 2.4.8 middlebreaking hilling-up operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two previous rows of plants 2.4.9 off barring operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants NOTE This is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up. 2.4.10 moldboard plowing operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion 2.4.11 residue processing operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil manipulation 2.4.12 subsoiling deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water movement (see item 2.4.4) 2.4.13 vertical mulching operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately behind a tillage tool shank 2.5 Tillage equipment 2.5.1 general-purpose tillage implement implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and pulverizing the soil 5 PAES 106 : 2000 2.5.1.1 plow-harrow implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow NOTE It has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the disc plow but the disc are assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit similar to a gang of disc harrow. 2.5.1.2 rotary tiller implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as row crop cultivator NOTE It consists of power-driven shaft, transverse to the direction of travel, equipped with curved knives that slice through the soil, chop surface residue and mix all materials in the disturbed layer. 2.5.1.3 spiral plow rotary plow implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate vertically NOTE The two shafts are placed end-to-end and oriented to throw the soil outward. 2.5.2 primary tillage implement implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer 2.5.2.1 chisel plow implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials NOTE Multiple rows of staggered curved shanks are mounted either rigidly, with spring- cushions, spike, or shovel tools are attached to each shank. 2.5.2.2 disc plow implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil NOTE Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement. -6  PAES 106 : 2000 2.5.2.3 moldboard plow implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials, and pulverizes the soil NOTE It consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface. 2.5.2.3.1 right-hand plow turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow 2.5.2.3.2 left-hand plow turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow 2.5.2.3.3 two-way plow eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation NOTE It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plows, with one type being used at a time. 2.5.2.4 subsoiler implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers NOTE It is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame. 2.5.3 secondary tillage implement implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds 2.5.3.1 comb-tooth harrow implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and leveling NOTE It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake. 2.5.3.2 disc harrow implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and growth NOTE It consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc. 7 PAES 106 : 2000 2.5.3.2.1 single-action disc harrow consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions 2.5.3.2.2 double-action disc harrow tandem disc harrow consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions 2.5.3.2.3 offset disc harrow consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor 2.5.3.3 field cultivator implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage NOTE It is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced 150-230 mm in a staggered pattern) which has an integral forged point or mounting holes for replaceable shovel or sweep tools. 2.5.3.4 packer implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil NOTE It consists of one or two in-line gangs of rollers such as lugged wheels or any one of various shaped ridged wheels. 2.5.3.5 roller-harrow implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the soil surface NOTE It consists of an in-line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or more rows of staggered spring cultivator teeth, followed by a second in-line gang of ridged rollers. 2.5.3.6 rotary hoe implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge -8  PAES 106 : 2000 NOTE Rigid curved teeth mounted on wheels toll over the soil, penetrating almost straight down and lifting soil as they rotate. Hoe wheels may be mounted in multiple gangs or as short gangs on spring loaded arms suspended from the main frame. 2.5.3.7 row crop cultivator implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage NOTE Gangs of shanks are often independently suspended on parallel linkages with depth- controlling wheels to provide floatation with the soil surface. 2.5.3.8 spike-tooth harrow implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil 2.5.3.9 spring-tooth harrow implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel NOTE The teeth are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to give good soil penetration. 2.5.4 cultivating tillage implement implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation 2.5.4.1 continuous-tool bar cultivator implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing 2.5.4.2 separated gang cultivator implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants 2.6 Nomenclature for tillage tools and implements 2.6.1 bed shaper soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes 2.6.2 blade soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut through the soil 9 PAES 106 : 2000 EXAMPLE rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia blades 2.6.3 coulter circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil 2.6.4 draft force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar pull 2.6.5 effective operating width operating width excluding overlap (see 2.6.18 and 2.6.19) 2.6.6 edge clearance angle effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge 2.6.7 ground clearance minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine element 2.6.8 hitch portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source 2.6.9 implement width horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of the implement 2.6.10 injector implement used to insert materials into the soil 2.6.11 jointer miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash 2.6.12 lateral tool spacing horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel -10  PAES 106 : 2000 2.6.13 line of travel line and direction along which the tillage implement travels 2.6.14 lister-planter combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the furrow 2.6.15 longitudinal tool spacing horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel 2.6.16 mechanical tillage implement single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control, and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine 2.6.17 Moldboard plow clearances 2.6.17.1 horizontal clearance distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms EXAMPLE diagonal (rake), tip of share to tip of share; fore and aft, width of cut or furrow slice; throat width, minimum distance from face of moldboard to projecting member of preceding bottom 2.6.17.2 vertical clearance distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc 2.6.18 operating overlap distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously tilled 2.6.19 operating width horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement performs its intended function 2.6.20 protected zone soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive tool movement 11 PAES 106 : 2000 2.6.21 scouring shedding soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant adhesion 2.6.22 shank structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard 2.6.23 shovel spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers 2.6.24 side force side draft horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion 2.6.25 soil-additive applicator machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage EXAMPLES Granular herbicide applicator, lime or manure spreader, fumigation and fertilizer distributor, or chemical incorporator are examples of soil-additive applicator. 2.6.26 soil-additive incorporator machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil 2.6.27 soil opener tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers EXAMPLE disc, knife, and runner 2.6.28 soil roller rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting 2.6.29 soil-sliding path path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool -12  PAES 106 : 2000 2.6.30 soil-sliding path length length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides 2.6.30.1 soil-ascending angle angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path 2.6.30.2 soil-sliding angle angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal contour line constructed through the surface of the tool 2.6.31 soil-tool geometry configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface 2.6.32 soil-working surface portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil 2.6.33 specific draft unit draft draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section 2.6.34 standard beam upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame 2.6.35 sweep type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped 2.6.36 teeth projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil 2.6.37 tillage tool individual soil-working element 2.6.37.1 complex tillage tools tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to the soil 13 PAES 106 : 2000 EXAMPLE clod breakers, notched discs, rotary hoes 2.6.37.2 dynamic tillage tools tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than along the line of travel 2.6.37.3 multi-powered tillage tools tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or draft and electrical power 2.6.37.4 simple tillage tools tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil 2.6.38 tool clearance minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest potentially obstructing implement element 2.6.39 tool-operating width maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs its intended function 2.6.40 orientation, tool position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the soil surface and the direction of travel NOTE Orientation is specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum. 2.6.40.1 lift angle rake angle angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface 2.6.40.2 side angle angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel 2.6.40.3 tilt angle -14  PAES 106 : 2000 angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface 2.6.41 tool overlap distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides with the operating width of another tool 2.6.42 tool-skip area area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool 2.6.43 tool width maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion 2.6.44 vertical tool spacing vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel 2.6.45 wings projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt, and side angles which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and standard 2.7 Soil reaction nomenclature 2.7.1 soil abrasion scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil 2.7.2 soil adhesion sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels 2.7.3 soil compaction act of reducing the specific volume of soil 2.7.4 soil cutting separation of a soil mass by a slicing action 2.7.5 15 PAES 106 : 2000 soil failure alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in shearing, compression, or tearing 2.7.6 soil heaving lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing 2.7.7 soil reaction soil response to the application of mechanical forces 2.7.8 soil shatter pulverization general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces 2.7.9 soil sliding sliding of soil across a surface 2.7.10 throw movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the tillage tool 2.8 Soil nomenclature 2.8.1 additive, soil foreign materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly influencing the soil condition or environment EXAMPLE pesticides, fertilizers, mulches, or conditioners, but not foreign bodies such as drain tiles, which have an indirect influence 2.8.2 adhered soil bodies masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soil- working surfaces and act as a part of the tool EXAMPLE soil cone, an adhered soil body which resembles a cone; soil sheet, an adhered soil body which covers a large area of tool like a sheet; soil wedge, an adhered soil body which resembles a narrow wedge 2.8.3 compacted layer -16  PAES 106 : 2000 hard pan plow pan plow soil dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces 2.8.4 concretions soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together 2.8.5 covering depth thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement 2.8.6 foreign materials all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies that have not originated in the soil's development 2.8.7 mechanical impedance resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the mechanical strength of the soil 2.8.8 mechanical stability mechanical strength degree of resistance of soil to deformation 2.8.9 shear blocks clods blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action 2.8.10 shear surface failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared 2.8.10.1 primary shear surfaces initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear 2.8.10.2 secondary shear surfaces shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during the initial displacement NOTE Secondary shear surfaces are often perpendicular to the primary shear surfaces. 2.8.11 17 PAES 106 : 2000 soil aggregates soil peds agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes 2.8.12 tillability degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose 2.9 Soil and surface characteristics 2.9.1 back furrow raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side NOTE It is formed when a furrow slice is lapped over another slice. 2.9.2 dead furrow open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other. 2.9.3 furrow trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice 2.9.4 furrow crown peak of the turned furrow slice 2.9.5 furrow depth ditch depth pit depth trench depth depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface 2.9.6 furrow slice soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom 2.9.7 furrow wall undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow 2.9.8 head land unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip -18  PAES 106 : 2000 2.9.9 land unplowed soil 2.9.10 ridge height bed height hill height windrow height height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface 2.9.11 root bed soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots 2.9.12 root zone part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants 2.9.13 seedbed soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds 2.9.14 soil density weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or on a dry basis (soil only, most common) 19