Wind Basics PDF - ESET 222 Winter 2024

Energy Systems Engineering Technology ESET 222 Wind & Solar Energy Winter 2024 Professor: Arun Hor. Wind Power Fundamentals ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Tech Click ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Wind Tech Click ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Energy & Power Wind is a...

Energy Systems Engineering Technology ESET 222 Wind & Solar Energy Winter 2024 Professor: Arun Hor. Wind Power Fundamentals ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Tech Click ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Wind Tech Click ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Energy & Power Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity. A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. A wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger. Wind energy is one of the fastest growing major sources of new electricity around the world. Today, there are over 486,790 wind turbines operating around the world in over 90 countries. click ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Energy & Power Wind is caused by huge convection currents in the Earth's atmosphere, driven by heat energy from the Sun. This means as long as the sun shines, there will be wind. The earth's surface has both land and water. When the sun comes up, the air over the land heats up quicker than that over water. The heated air is lighter and it rises. The cooler air is denser and it falls and replaced the air over the land. In the night the reverse happens. Air over the water is warmer and rises, and is replaced by cooler air from land. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Energy & Power Wind is caused by huge convection currents in the Earth's atmosphere, driven by heat energy from the Sun. This means as long as the sun shines, there will be wind. Anywhere and each time there are differences in atmospheric (air) pressure, there will be winds, because air will move from the high pressure area to the low pressure area. It also means that winds may be even stronger where the difference in the air pressure is greater. A good example is how a tropical depression forms, where warm air over hot tropical waters rise, and high pressure cold air quickly rushing to fill the space. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Energy & Power o Wind power is good renewable, clean and free source of energy for power production o Reduce dependence on fossil fuels including imported oils o Reduce emission of greenhouse gas and other pollutant o One major concern is the noise – can be improved o Intermittency and variability of the wind ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Typical Cost A 10 kW wind turbine costs approximately $48,000 – 65,000 to install. The equipment cost is about $40,000 and the rest is shipping and installation. The purchase and installation of very small (<1kW) off-grid turbines generally cost $4,000 to $9,000, and a 100 kW turbine can cost $350,000. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Energy Conversion • • • It is the design of the blades that is primarily responsible for converting the kinetic energy into mechanical energy. As the air flows over the aero foil-section of the blade, it induces a differential pressure distribution across the top and bottom surfaces of the blade. The power coefficient or the power picked up by the wind turbine rotor is influenced by many factors: - profile of the rotor blade - number of blades - blade arrangement video ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power sources. Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from wind and more than 90 countries around the world are now using wind power to supply the electricity grid. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm may also be located offshore. Wind power hardly ever suffers major technical failures, since failures of individual wind turbines have hardly any effect on overall power, so that the distributed wind power is highly reliable and predictable, whereas conventional generators, while far less variable, can suffer major unpredictable outages. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Global Wind Power ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind / Solar Capacity in Canada Canada has 318 wind energy projects producing power across the country. National wind energy capacity grew by 7.1% and national solar energy capacity grew by 25.8% across Canada in 2022. Approximately 8% of Canada’s present electricity demand is being met by wind and solar energy. CanREA is forecasting the addition of more than 5 GW of wind and 2 GW of major solar in the short term(2025) and is working hard to unlock massive opportunities for renewable energy in the coming years. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Province wise Wind / Solar Capacity in Canada With 19 GW of installed wind energy capacity, Canada ranked 8th in the world at the end of 2022. We also have around 48,000 solar energy installations across Canada placing us 22nd in the world for installed solar energy capacity. Expect 2024 to be a record year for wind and solar power ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Farms in Canada ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Canada’s Wind Power Capacity The Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) has outlined a future strategy for wind energy that would reach a capacity of 55 GW by 2025, meeting 20% of the country's energy needs. The plan, Wind Vision 2025, would create over 50,000 jobs and represent around CDN$165 million annual revenue. Ontario remains Canada's leader in clean wind energy with 5,436 megawatts (MW) of installed electricity generating capacity as of 2020, supplying approximately 12 per cent of the province’s electricity demand. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy How a wind turbine works ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy How a wind turbine works Wind turbines work on the same principle that allows airplanes to fly. The wind doesn’t push the blades, but passes over them. The resulting pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces creates lift, which causes the rotor to turn. As the blades of a wind turbine turn, the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical energy, which is transmitted through a drive shaft to an electrical generator in the nacelle. The resulting electrical current travels via underground cables to a substation, where it is converted to a higher voltage for the larger electricity transmission or distribution grid. From there, it’s delivered to the electric utility and customers. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Top Ten Wind Turbine Suppliers ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics Wind turbines, like windmills, are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of the faster and less turbulent wind. Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades. Usually, two or three blades are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics A blade acts much like an airplane wing. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind side of the blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it, causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift is actually much stronger than the wind's force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag. The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller, and the turning shaft spins a generator to make electricity. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics Wind Turbine Applications: Wind turbines can be used as stand-alone applications, or they can be connected to a utility power grid or even combined with a photovoltaic (solar cell) system. For utility-scale (megawatt-sized) sources of wind energy, a large number of wind turbines are usually built close together to form a wind plant, also referred to as a wind farm. Several electricity providers today use wind plants to supply power to their customers. Stand-alone wind turbines are typically used for water pumping or communications. However, homeowners, farmers, and ranchers in windy areas can also use wind turbines as a way to cut their electric bills. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics Upwind & Downwind Wind Turbine : The rotor on an upwind turbine is in the front of the unit, positioned similar to a propeller driven airplane. To keep it oriented into the wind, a yaw mechanism such as a tail is needed. Advantage is reduced tower shading. Disadvantage is that the nacelle that is required to position the rotor is far away from the tower to avoid any problems with a blade strike. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics Upwind & Downwind Wind Turbine : v The downwind turbine has its rotor on the back side of the turbine. The nacelle typically is designed to seek the wind, thus negating the need for a separate yaw mechanism. Advantage is that rotor blades are flexible (less expensive & stress) since there is no danger of a tower strike. Disadvantage is that the flexibility may fatigue the blades and the tower shadow problem. ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics Type of Air Flow : ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics v ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Wind Power Basics FUTURE TECHNOLOGY OF WIND ENERGY ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Most Powerful Offshore Wind Turbine in the World ESET 222: Wind & Solar Energy Q&A Click