Introduction To Anatomy PDF

Tishk International University Faculty of Nursing TOPIC: Introduction to Anatomy Instructor: Dr. Paiman Jamal LECTURE 2 2 Terms of laterality ▪ BILATERAL: Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys) ▪ UNILATERAL: whereas those occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen) Ter...

Tishk International University Faculty of Nursing TOPIC: Introduction to Anatomy Instructor: Dr. Paiman Jamal LECTURE 2 2 Terms of laterality ▪ BILATERAL: Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys) ▪ UNILATERAL: whereas those occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen) Terms of laterality Terms of movement ▪ ELEVATION: raises or moves a part superiorly, ˃ as in elevating the shoulders, ˃ the upper eyelid when opening the eye. ▪ DEPRESSION: lowers or moves a part inferiorly. Terms of movement  Opposition: Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand is brought to another digit pad.  Reposition: describes the movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position. Basic organization of the body A collection of cells of similar morphology performing a specific function is termed tissue. There are four basic tissues: i) Epithelium ii) Connective tissue iii) Muscle tissue iv) Nervous tissue Organs and systems An association of different tissues which perform certain function is called Organ e.g., bone, muscle, heart, stomach and urinary bladder. A group of organs working harmoniously to discharge a specific function forms a system. The following systems are formed in the human body. Body Systems  Integumentary  Skeletal  Circulatory  Digestive  Respiratory  Urinary  Reproductive  Nervous  Muscular  Endocrine  Lymphatic Body Regions ❖The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions. ▪ the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body ▪ our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region Body Cavities  Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs  Cavities protect vital organs  Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size  Two body cavities  Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity  Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic Cavities  The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.  The thoracic cavity is subdivided into:  Left and right pleural cavities (each pleural cavity contains one lung) lined by the visceral and parietal pleura  The mediastinum contains the pericardium (pericardial cavity), another serous membrane that surrounds the heart Abdominopelvic Cavity  The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum  The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis    liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine Body Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)  Parts of the body :  Head  Neck  Trunk …………thorax (chest) abdomen  pelvis  Limbs………….upper limb  lower limb  Anatomical Terminology Descriptive Terms ▪ Pertaining to a covering over an organ Visceral Parietal ▪ Pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall Parietal Visceral Anatomical Terminology Regional Names Cranial ▪ Skull Cervical ▪ Neck Cubital ▪ Elbow Carpal ▪ Wrist Patellar ▪ Front of knee Orbital ▪ Eye Thoracic ▪ Chest Inguinal ▪ Groin The basic body systems and sciences that deal with them  Integumentary system (dermatology)  Skeletal system.(osteology)  Articular system.(arthrology)  Muscular system (myology)  Nervous system (neurology)  Circulatory system (Angiology) (cardiovascular system and lymphatic system)  Digestive or alimentary system (gastroenterology) The basic body systems and sciences that deal with them  Respiratory system (pulmonology)  Urinary system (urology)  Reproductive or genital system (gynecology for females and andrology for males)  Endocrine system. (endocrinology) The Integument/ The skin The skin that covers your body. Skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane. Integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives—nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. 5-24 25 Skin  Is the outer covering of the human body, largest organ of the body  composed of a superficial cellular layer(epidermis) and a deeper connective tissue layer (dermis).  The skin thickness varies in different parts of the body and is thinner in women than in men.  The epidermis is thicker in the palms and sole of the feet.  The dermis is thicker on the posterior aspect of the body than anteriorly. Langer’s lines  The direction of the rows of the collagen is known as lines of cleavage ( Langer’s lines) and they tend to run longitudinally in the limbs and circumferentially in the neck and trunk.  Incisions parallel to these lines tend to heal with lesser scar formation nail Fasciae Fasciae 2 tpye haya 1. Superficial 2. Deep  Superficial fascia  Deep fascia:  1. Intermuscular septa  2. Retinacula  3. Bursae  4. Aponeurosis  5. Tendon  6. Tendon(synovial) sheath  7. Synovial membrane  8. Capsule Tendon sheath aponeurosis Summery: ama kurta w puxte hamw babtakaya  Group of cells form tissue, group of tissues form organs and group of organs form system There are four basic tissues, i) Epithelium, ii) Connective tissue, iii) Muscle tissue and iv) Nervous tissue The human body is partitioned into axial and appendicular  Two body cavities  Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity  Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity  the integumentary system includes the skin and the skin appendages  Skin layers are epidermis, dermis  lines of cleavage is Langer’s lines  There are several derivatives of the fascia