Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology PDF

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MED24A - SHANIAH FAYE CATIIS LESSON 1 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM NOTES ANATOMY Anatomical Regions Anatomy – is the study of body structures, in...

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MED24A - SHANIAH FAYE CATIIS LESSON 1 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM NOTES ANATOMY Anatomical Regions Anatomy – is the study of body structures, include body Abdominal – Belly structures of all sizes, from microscopic red blood cells to Axillary – Armpit the heart, which is the size of the fist. Cephalic or cranial – Head Branches of Anatomy Cervical – Neck Facial – Face Gross Anatomy – macroscopic, can be seen by the eye; Inguinal – Groin can be studied without microscope. Pelvic – Lower end of the trunk Thoracic – Chest Regional Anatomy – is the study of the different Umbilical – Navel (belly button) regions of the body such as the head and neck. Appendicular – Arms and Legs Systemic Anatomy – study of the specific systems Brachial – Arm of the body such as the reproductive system and Carpal – Wrist digestive system. Cubital – Elbow Microscopic Anatomy – cell and molecule level, needs Femoral – Thigh microscope, cannot be seen by the naked eye. Palmar – Palm of the hands Patellar – Knee Cytology – study of cells Plantar – Soles of the feet Histology – study of tissues (groups of specialized Tarsal - Ankle cells that work together to perform functions) Histopathology – study of tissues to identify cause of disease Subdivisions of Anatomy Embryological Anatomy/ Embryology – study of prenatal development; the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of human being. Developmental Anatomy – study of human growth and development from fertilized egg to mature adult to death. Cell Anatomy – study of cellular structure. Radiographic Anatomy or Radiology – study of the Abdominal Quadrants structures of the body using x-rays and other noninvasive imagine techniques. Pathological Anatomy – structural changes (macroscopic to microscopic) associated with disease. Anatomical Terms of Direction Inferior – farther from the top of the head (used for head, neck, and trunk) Medial – toward the midline of the body Lateral – away from the midline of the body Bilateral – relating to or affecting two sides Anterior/Ventral – front or belly side Abdominal Regions Posterior/Dorsal – back side Superior – closer to the top of the head (used for head, neck, and trunk)  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MED24A - SHANIAH FAYE CATIIS LESSON 1 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM NOTES Anatomical Planes Sagittal – Separates right from the left. If the plane is exactly down the midline of the body, it is midsagittal. Transverse/Horizontal – Separates top from bottom; commonly called a cross section Frontal/Coronal – Separates anterior from posterior (front from back) PHYSIOLOGY Physiology – is the scientific discipline that delas with the processes or functions of living things; also known as science of life/study of nature. Subspecialties of Physiology Neurophysiology – study of functional properties of nerve cells. Anatomical Positions Endocrinology – study of hormones (chemical regulators in Supine – Anterior surface facing up the blood) and how they control body functions. Prone – Anterior surface facing down Cardiovascular physiology – study of functions of the heart and blood vessels. Anatomical Cavities Immunology – study of the body’s defense against disease Dorsal: – causing agents o Cranial Cavity; Brain; Meninges o Vertebral Cavity; Spinal Cord; Meninges Respiratory physiology – study of functions of the air Thoracic passageways and lungs. o Pleural Cavities; Lungs; Pleurae o Pericardial Cavity; Heart; Pericardium Renal physiology – study of the functions of the kidneys Abdominopelvic Pathophysiology – study of the functional changes o Abdominal Cavity; Digestive Organs, Spleen; associated with disease and aging. Peritoneum o Pelvic Cavity; Urinary Bladder, Rectum, HOMEOSTASIS Reproductive Organs; Peritoneum Homeostasis – a state of balance among all the body Serous Membrane systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly. Serous Membrane – line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs Feedback Mechanism – the mechanism of the body to located in those cavities. maintain the levels of hormones in the body within the desired limits. Parietal Layer – line the walls of the body cavity. Visceral Layer – covers the organs (the viscera) Negative Feedback – is the process the body Serous Space/Fluid – Between the parietal and uses to reverse the direction of movement away visceral layers. from homeostasis (e.g. body temperature) Positive Feedback – the process the body uses 3 Serous Membranes: to increase movement away from homeostasis. (e.g. giving birth) 1. Pleura – Serous Membrane that surrounds the lungs. One for each lung. PATHOLOGY 2. Pericardium – Serous Membrane that surrounds the heart. Pathology – is the study of disease 3. Peritoneum – Serous Membrane that surrounds Disease – can be defined as abnormally functioning organs the abdominopelvic cavity. or organ systems resulting from a disruption in homeostasis.  HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MED24A - SHANIAH FAYE CATIIS LESSON 1 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM NOTES Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology – Genetic disorders – are a class of diseases characterized the study of the form and function of the human body and as abnormalities caused by changes in genetic material. their characteristics and the functional changes happening due to disease and aging. Mental disorders – are a class of conditions of the mind and include disorders associated with behavior or Predisposing Factors of Disease psychological well-being. 1. Age Trauma/Injury – can be defined as a wound or shock 2. Children produced by an injury. 3. Gender Treatment of Disease 4. Lifestyle 5. Environment Palliative treatment – is used at any stage of the disease 6. Heredity process. The goal of this type of treatment is to make Signs and Symptoms patient more comfortable and improve the quality of life. During the terminal stages of disease, palliative treatment Signs (Objective Signals) – it can be measured may be the only option available to a patient. Symptoms (Subjective Signals) – relative to the patient Curative treatment – is treatment regimen designed to that indicate that something is wrong but this “something” cure the patient of the disease. cannot be measured. Therapeutic treatment – may involve in a long-term care Pain and Inflammation plan designed to restore a patient’s normal body function. Pain – it is a symptom indicating physical suffering or Preventive treatment – is an increasingly significant distress due to injury or illness. approach in health care today. The idea that steps can be taken to prevent diseases from happening is becoming Inflammation – the body’s normal immune response to more accepted. injury and disease, injury to the skin allows bacteria and other pathogens to enter underlying tissues. Classifications of Disease 1. Infectious diseases – it is caused by pathogens, which are disease-causing agent. It includes a broad category of pathological conditions, which can have different sources of infection, modes of transmission, and pathological agents responsible for the disease. Communicable diseases – are infectious diseases that are contagious. Noncommunicable diseases – are infectious diseases that are caused by pathogens but are not contagious. 2. Noninfectious diseases – can be classified as cancers, immune disorders, genetic disorders, mental disorders, or conditions caused by trauma or injury. Cancers – a class of disease characterized by uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation. Immune disorders – are a class of disease that results from the inability of the body’s immune system to effectively protect and defend itself. 3 General Categories of Immune Disorder Hypersensitivities (Allergies) – involve and overreaction of the immune system to an allergen. Immunodeficiency disorders – are characterized by a deficiency in the immune system’s ability to defend the body. Autoimmune disorders – are characterized as an inability of the immune system to distinguish between its own tissue and foreign tissue or cells.