PHA 611: Pharmaceutical Botany and Taxonomy Lecture Notes PDF

PHA 611: Pharmaceutical Botany and Taxonomy LECTURE/LAB (LECTURE): INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY - PLANT CYTOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS - FACULTY OF PHARMACY (BS PHARMACY 2026 – 1BPH) [TRANS] CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY - PLANT CYTOLOGY...

PHA 611: Pharmaceutical Botany and Taxonomy LECTURE/LAB (LECTURE): INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY - PLANT CYTOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS - FACULTY OF PHARMACY (BS PHARMACY 2026 – 1BPH) [TRANS] CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY - PLANT CYTOLOGY INTRODUCTION OUTLINE 1 Introduction TERMS 1 Terms 2 Botany Prokaryotes – without nuclei (e.g., bacteria, 1 Importance of Plants cyanobacteria, Kingdom Monera) 3 Natural Selection Eukaryotes – with nuclei, mitochondria 4 Common Plant and their Parts Protista/Plantae – with chloroplasts 5 Conservation Biology Fungi/Animalia – without chloroplast 6 Biotechnology 1 Top 10 GMOs BOTANY 7 Plant Characteristics and Diversity 8 The 5 Kingdom System of Classification ‘Plant biology’ 9 4 Group of Plants Most plants have green leaves, stems, roots and flowers 10 The Scientific Method Exception/s: 1 Sir Francis Bacon ○ Conifers have cones rather than flowers 2 Charles Darwin ○ Cactus has no leaves instead, thorns 11 Three Principal Methods to Analyze and Explain the ○ Ferns and mosses do not have leaves Universe ○ Bryophytes are non-vascular plant such as mosses; 1 Religious Method least in common of all terrestrial plants; no roots 2 Metaphysical System 3 Speculative Philosophy (different transportation of nutrients inside the 12 8 Unifying Concepts to Understand Plants organism) 13 Properties Present in Living Things ○ Pteridophytes do not produce flowers 14 Fields of Study in Botany ○ Fungi, Algae was originally considered as plants. 1 Plant Systematics However, there are more differences compared to 1 Species Name similarities, which is why they were separated 2 The Taxonomic Hierarchy Declaring whether these organisms are plants or not 3 The Kingdoms of Life solves nothing: the important thing is to understand the 4 Classifying Living Organisms 2 Plant Physiology concepts involved and why disagreement exists 3 Plant Anatomy 4 Paleobotany IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS: 5 Plant Morphology Primary producers – food, energy, etc. 6 Plant Ecology Medicinal and economic purposes 7 Plant Genetics 8 9 other topics Botanists study A ○ Agricultural plants – became a foundation for human 15 Top 10 Philippine Medicinal Plants (DOH Approved) civilization, development of culture, art, and 6○ government 2 Plant Cells i○ - Flavoring plants - nutmeg 1 Cell Unit of Life W ○ Volatile oils for aromatherapy 2 Cells E ○ Euphoric/hallucinogenic plants 3 2 Basic Types of Cells F ○ Fiber, wood plants 4 General Parts of a Cell M○ Medicinal plants 3 Plant Tissue Source of food - 1 Epidermis For oxygen – respiration Photosysthesis 2 Cork and Phloem As raw materials 3 Plant Cells Habitats and/or shelters for smaller organisms 17 The Vascular Tissue System Provide fuel (biofuel; coconut, sunflower oil), shelter, and 1 Complex Permanent Tissues (Xylem) paper products 1 Stems Growth and Differentiation Many medicines came from plants 2 The Conducting Cells of Xylem ○ Cinchona tree and quinine – quinine is for the 2 Complex Permanent Tissues (Phloem) treatment of malaria 3 Sieve Elements 4 Digestive Glands NATURAL SELECTION 5 Salt Glands 6 Internal 18 Tissue Systems, Tissues, and Cell Types Table Species having specific features caused then to adapt and reproduce and passed these features to their offspring Some becomes dormant ○ ‘di nattransmit sa next generation as it is not beneficial / useful Useless features are eliminated and the useful ones are passed into the next generation ASOMBRADO — FAJARDO — LISING — ORTEGA — TERO — VILLANUEVA — URQUICO 1  (LEC): INTRODUCTION Plant sp. have ability to adapt in harsh conditions Plants have 2 adult forms - sporophytes (spores) and ○ Winter: leaves are drop in autumn, bark formation gametophytes (egg and sperm cell) on stem decreases surface area, decreases water ○ Adult form produces spores -> spores -> adult form lost (nagpapalit ng leaves) produces eggs and sperm cell -> eggs and sperm ○ Bulbs, corms, tubers – persist and produce new ○ Angiosperm – seeds are enclosed in an ovary shoot during spring cutinized (makapal) ○ Conifers – have cones instead of flowers leaves/stems of evergreen prevent water loss ○ Bryophytes – don’t produce flowers ○ Pteridophytes – don’t produce flowers COMMON PLANTS AND THEIR PARTS THE 5 KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Cassava – roots Carrots – fruit Root Ampalaya – fruit Puso ng saging – clusters of flowers (fascicle) Peanut – fruit Cashew – fruit Staranis – (dried) fruit Sampaloc – (dried) fruit Tomato-fruit CONSERVATION BIOLOGY A critical area for research Prevents extinction of species Seeks to develop new plant products BAPFA * BIOTECHNOLOGY Bacteria, algae, plants, fungi, animals ○ Bacteria – only prokaryotic cells, does not have The creation of genetically modified plants organelles and nucleus, activities are scattered, GMOs to have only the desired characteristics reproduction by fission Makes the genetic material of the plants to be more ○ Algae – some species contain cell wall made up of adaptive and to inhibit foreign substances from attacking cellulose (that’s why they were classified before as that certain organism plants) Some plants are not genetically modified. ○ Animals – don’t have cell wall but have cell ○ E.g., watermelon in Japan (enclosed in a membrane heart-shaped container while growing) Increase counter-irritant effect 4 GROUPS OF PLANTS BPGA Bryophytes -lowest TOP 10 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ○ Non-vascular – do not have roots; attaches to the (GMOS): / mother plant to transport the nutrients BSB 1. Biofortified soya beans – pest resistance FCS 2. Edible cotton seeds – dentistry (oral cavity) no and xylene in ○ Parasitics ○ E.g., Mossesliwerworts and hornworks 3. Jatropha – biofuel Pteridophytes 4. Golden rice – increase production of beta carotene ○ Vascular, seedless ferns, clubmoss, FRR 5. Flood resistant rice – countries prone to typhoons ○ Produce via spores – spore-bearing epiphyte horsetails 6. Sugar beets – weed resistant ○ Largest group of seedless vascular plants 7. Yeast – feed on agricultural waste and excrete crude oil Gymnosperms naked seed - 8. Cassava – Biocassava plus – vitamin, proteins, virus ○ Vascular ① coniterns spines or resistant 9. Papaya – pest resistant 10. Castor beans – block ricin production, increase castor oil ○ Seeds are enclosed in& cones ○ E.g., Conifers – cone-bearing ② Ginkgoes ③ guetoes I 4 group ○ Non-flowering 8cycad) which is used as lubricant in shampoo, laxative, hair Angiosperms Dicot Monocot growth ○ Flowering plants netted / reticulate colydon ○ Vascular, seed-forming -parallel vernation pattern - PLANT CHARACTERISTICS AND DIVERSITY ○ Seeds are enclosed inside the⑧ ovary leaf - ○ Largest group of modern day plants Multicellular eukaryotes ○ Eukaryote - meaning it has nucleus and membrane THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD bound organelles which are needed for plants to produce tissues, organs, etc. A means of analyzing the physical universe. Undergo photosynthesis to produce food Observations are used as the basis for constructing a ○ utilizes CO2 (carbon dioxide), H20 (water), and solar hypothesis that predicts the outcome of future energy to produce glucose (sugar) observations or experiments. Presence of cell wall All accepted information can be derived from documented ○ Has cellulose as its main component and controlled experiments. ○ Nucleus containing DNA ○ Cell of wall of fungi – has chitin SIR FRANCIS BACON #B Embryo protected within mother plant A firm believer in the power of experimentation and the ○ angiosperm; the seed is enclosed in the ovary scientific method to uncover truth. (LEC): INTRODUCTION SIR CHARLES DARWIN CD Metaphysical System He made an experiment with stems defecting light. ○ In addition to natural forces, there are supernatural, hidden forces that can never be observed or studied. ○ EXAMPLES: Luck Bad omens Accurate horoscopes Reliable method for picking the winning numbers in a lottery Speculative Philosophy ○ Started with Greek philosophers ○ Sought to develop logical explanations for simple observations. ○ Philosophical postulations of atoms by Democritus (400 BC) ○ Atom - smallest unit ○ No verification, no experiments were done ○ There were no devices that would determine the presence of an atom. They just assumed that there was a small unit that builds up the things around us. Darwin then made his observations and data gathering. 8 UNIFYING CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND PLANTS Anabolism 1st Concept plant metabolism totality of all process in plants building up photosynthes is ○ Plant metabolism is based on the principles of inorganic organiz -> ↳ visible light chemistry and physics. catabolism vIGYOR - ○ Physics - conversion of sunlight energy to food breaking down ○ Chemistry - use of water and carbon dioxide in organic-> inorganic photosynthesis 2nd Concept Genes storing - DNA-nucleotide ○ Plants must have means of storing and using information. ○ Genes - means of storing information stored in chromosomes (nucleus 3rd Concept Reproduce passing - sexual ○ Plants reproduce, passing their genes and union of gametes up information on their offspring higher variation ○ up There are characteristics that aren’t required or Asexual passed anymore to the next generation. ○ The genes that are passed to the next generation are the genes that help them SURVIVE LONGER. 4th Concept change ○ Genes, and the information they contain, change. ○ Mutations may occur and may affect the gene, causing change ○ Gradual evolution (mutants) diff form (could take -> 100 years) ○ Variation may occur in certain species 5th Concept adaptatation ○ Plants must survive in their own environment. ○ There are different means of adaptation to the environment. ○ EXAMPLE: Conifers - cold area; cutinized Cactus – usually in deserts; they survive because of the structures of their cells; contain cutin, where they absorb more water 3 PRINCIPAL METHODS TO ANALYZE AND and have great water retention. EXPLAIN THE UNIVERSE (RMP) 6th Concept Integrated ○ Plants are highly integrated organisms. Religious Method ○ Structure and metabolism of one part, have impact ○ The universe is assumed to be created by or to on other parts of the plant. contain deities. ○ One function cannot function if another part cannot ○ Important feature is that the actions of gods cannot function or does not exist. be studied. ○ All the plants’ functions are intertwined with each ○ Crops might flourish or fail due to god’s intervention other. cells to reward or punish people. ○ Faith as a fundamental principle of all religion tissue-chlorenchyma organ (leaf) roots, stems Organ System ① Shootsystem root ② Floorsystem - (LEC): INTRODUCTION 7th Concept Temporary ○ An individual plant is the temporary result of genes and environment interaction. ○ Genes are actually not permanent. The structures of plants adapt to the environment, so their genes also change according to how they adapt in a certain environment. ○ Plants interact with the environment: AARR Absorb nutrients Attract pollinator Reproduce Resist pathogens 8th Concept No purpose and decision making capacity ○ Plants do not have purpose (teleology) nor decision making (anthropomorphism) capacity. PROPERTIES PRESENT IN LIVING THINGS All living beings have the following characteristics; if even a. Develop (young and adult ones have one is missing, the material/organism is not alive: distinctive characteristics) ○ Metabolism b. Evolve (changing with time as the ➔ Exchange of energy and matter with the environment changes) environment must be present. ➔ Organisms absorb energy/matter, convert it FIELDS OF STUDY IN BOTANY to their own bodies and excrete the rest. Botany includes many fields of study. Plant Systematics ○ Evolutionary history of plants ○ Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) CL ➔ Father of Taxonomy ➔ His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). ○ Species Name ➔ By convention: First word of a binomial name is a genus and is always capitalized. Second word refers to a specific epithet and is not capitalized. - Together form a scientific name, written in italics. A complete scientific name includes the author’s name. - - Example: Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir., Tinospora rumphii Boerl. ○ Non-random organization must be present ○ The Taxonomic Hierarchy ➔ All organisms are highly structured, and 1. Species decay is the process of its molecules 2. Genus returning to a random arrangement. 3. Family ○ Growth 4. Order ➔ All organisms increase in size from the highestto lowes 5 5. Class time they are formed. 6. Phylum ○ A system of heredity and reproduction ➔ An organism must produce offspring very similar to itself such that when an organism 7. Kingdom 8. Domain Dear King Philip Came over For Good soup ↑ dies, life persists within its progeny. ○ The Kingdoms of Life ○ A capacity to respond to the environment ➔ Most biologists use a six-kingdom system: ➔ When conditions become dry, an organism can respond by becoming dormant, conserving water, or by obtaining water more efficiently. ○ In addition to these 5, living beings should: (LEC): INTRODUCTION ○ Forest and products (Forestry) ○ Crops and soil management (Agriculture) ○ Fruit Trees (Promology) K TOP 10 PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS - P - C - F 6 S 1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Protista 5. Archaebacteria 6. Bacteria ➔ Domains Taxonomic level above kingdoms. ○ Classifying Living Organisms ➔ A six-kingdom system: 1. Bacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae (virdiplantae) 6. Animalia -. - & & ➔ A three-domain system: - 1. Bacteria - 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya E - E Plant Physiology ○ Aspects such as photosynthesis, flowering and hormones. Plant Anatomy ○ Relation of structures to functions. Paleobotany ○ Evolutionary relationship of fossil plants to living plants. Plant Morphology ○ Plant life cycle, evolution of plants. Plant Ecology ○ Plants relate to the environment, human effects to increased rate of plant extinction. Plant Genetics ○ Transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. Botanists also study: ○ Algae (Phycology) ○ Fungi (Mycology) ○ Disease-causing microorganisms (Microbiology) ○ Ornamental plants (Horticulture) ○ Important Plant Compounds (Phytochemistry) ○ Traditional uses of plants (Herbal medicine & Ethnobotany)  UN SN F W lagun di vitex negundo Lamiaceae cough sambong Blumen balsamifera astariaceae diuretic and antiorolithiasis Bayab as Psidius guajava astrigent myrtaceae Momordica charantia aucurbitaceae diabetis ampalaya anti reusa Asaan-gubat Carmona boranginaceae Stomachic  (LEC): INTRODUCTION CELLS b. Nucleus: he discovered that all cells contain a relatively large body – nucleus Basic structural and functional unit 4. Matthias Schleiden (1838) All living organisms are made up of cells a. Co-founder of cell theory, all plant parts are Physiological processes are encountered and composed of cell Call organism made are up cellof manifested at cellular level (e.g., respiration, b. Also observed a small body within the digestion, growth, and development) RGD2 nucleus – nucleolus -arise from pre-existing cells (mitosis/ meiosis) 5. Theodor Schwann (1839) 2 Basic Types of Cells: a. Cell theory along with Schleiden - Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms can have cell walls betore 1 Karyon GENERAL PARTS OF A CELL before nucleus PROKARYOTE ○Cell -without nucleus and other membrane Three General Parts: Cell wall, Protoplasm, and Cell - they have p a bounded organelles ~ blue-green bacteria (photosynthetic Inclusion eubacteria, cyanobacteria and bacterial genetic tones E.g., his ○ -Bakea nO archaebacte Itrue bacteria CELL WALL EUKARYOTE - (The cell wall is) The most important feature ○ Cell with nucleus and membrane bounded distinguishing the cells of plants from those of organelles animals ○ E.g., protists, fungi, plants, animals 4aPAF - This cell wall protects the cellular contents and limits - *Animal cell – no cell wall, plastid, vacuole, and CGVP cell size ↑o cotton fibers glyoxysome - Composed of cellulose: a polymer made up of *Endosymbiotic Theory: some cell components molecules of the sugar glucose; the most important cells (chloroplasts and mitochondria) evolved when a large - Lignins – adds rigidity phellem/cork eukaroyotic cell engulfed independent prokaryotes. - Waxes (e.g., cutin and suberin) – reduce water loss PLANT CELLS - - from cells W I epidermis All plant cells have cell walls except sperm cell of Primary walls some seed plant CELL UNIT OF LIFE - Cellulose crystallized to form strong microfibrils cell walls - Hemicellulose – produced by dictyosome, brought - Plant cells have diverse sizes, shapes, and to cell wall by dictyosome vesicles Anaerobic composition - Primary cell wall – thin Aerobic - Its structure and metabolism vary and are correlated - Secondary cell wall – between the primary cell wall to the functions of each part of cell and plasma membrane; thicker impregnated with - Cell Theory: explained clearly and with greater lignin insight than other by Theodore Schwann and - The cell wall (types) are permanent not degraded Matthias Schleiden nor depolymerized unlike microtubule/microfilament - Middle lamella – made of pectin, attached the cell IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES WITH REGARD TO wall to adjacent cell ‘CELL’: 1. Robert Hooke (1665) PLASMODESMATA communication - a. Tiny compartments in cork tissue (cells) - Single: plasmodesma b. He compared the boxlike compartments he - Where fluids and dissolved substances can pass saw to the surface of a honeycomb and is through primary walls of adjacent cells credited with applying the term cell to those - These are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend compartments between the cells through minute openings c. He estimated that a cubic inch of cork - Consists of fine holes in primary walls, has plasma would contain approx. 1,259 million such membrane, liquid and tubule (desmotubule) cells attached to ER 2. R. J. H. (Henri) Dutrochet (1824) -movement of waterte - Interconnects plant cells a. Discovered Osmosis, first to thoroughly to the - Primary Pit Field – area w/ - clustered investigate respiration (the effect of light on cone H20 plasmodesmata, increase transport of materials plants) ropism - between cells b. Reinforced Lamarck’s conclusions that all - All protoplasm which in a plant is part of 1 animal and plan tissues are composed of interconnected mass called symplast cells of various kinds (pores - plasmadesmote) Individuality of plant cell is diminished openings - via 3. Robert Brown (1833) ~moves exchange of materials bow cells - Plant = symplast (Protoplasm) + apoplast I - a. Nucleus, cytoplasmic streaming (intercellular + wall) (movement of cytosol and organelles), - Apoplast – permits rapid diffusion of gases Sign Brownian Movement Cell membrane osmoregulator, semi-permeable, estopian through in  (LEC): INTRODUCTION phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model. small nonpolar molecules - gases, CO2, O2 7 H2O, CO2, ethanol, urea Protein channel-lon, and molecules 60% Phospholiphid 40% CELL MEMBRANE Proteins c. Selectively Permeable Regulate passage of molecules in/out ○ Hydrophobic subs - cross membrane oil, fats, greasy Divides cell into compartment substance simple ○ Charged substances - move through diffusion Acts as surfaces w/c hold enzymes protein catalyst - intrinsic proteins which act as a exocytosis/endocytosis taken inside - channel-> (facilitated diffusion) fakeit e permeable Selectively permeable semi-permeable/differentially - ○ Molecular pumps (protein) - bind Dynamic and constantly changing molecule from 1 side and release it to *As nature of membrane changes, the nature of the the other using ATP- (Active Transport) cell changes. ○ Exocytosis - Fusion of vesicle with cell Membrane Composition of Plasma membrane, releasing vesicle contents trilaminar structure · to cell exterior · composition ○ Endocytosis - Invagination of cell Phospholipids membrane, forming vesicle ext. - ~proteins -cholesterol material into the cell - Carbohydrates · Fluid mosaic model a. Fluid Mosaic Model ○ As heterogeneous membrane, intrinsic proteins can diffuse literally like lipids while other proteins are bound to adjacent proteins lipid-hydrophobic hydrophilic b. Phospholipid bilayer protein - small non polar - Diffusion Polar osmosis high low - concentration gradient All biological membranes are selectively or differentially permeable PROTOPLASM - Proteins, lipids, Na, H2O, within the cell; except cell wall; - Composed of organelles - Protoplast (old name) - Plasma membrane - the membrane that covers the surface of protoplasm ○ Extrinsic proteins - peripheral, not integral ○ Intrinsic - partially immersed in lipid bilayer  Osmosis in Plantcell Membrane types ① impermeable tonicity:solute ↑ ② permeable concentration (0.89% /0.9%) (NSS) Isola movement, equal solute - no ③ selectively -normal state (neither decrease or increase in cell size) Hypotonic - lower solute, higher water concentration centrioles in ANIMALS ONLY -high water - low water formation of fibers during endosmosis, increase in cell size and will swell cell interphase I -plantcell will notb urst more the chromosome 4) has turgor pressure during cell division TURGID - full of water lower than 0.39 Mitotic center (centrosome) Hypertonic - higher solute, lower water concentration -cell lose water -shrink (plasmolysis) size become smaller -movement (inside to outside ( -higher than 0.89% TRANSMEMBRANEMOVEMENT Diffusion - I aconcentration to - fascilitated diffusion ↳ hydrophilic, charges molecules Active transport - ATPexpenditure exocytosis I bulk transport endocytosis (LEC): INTRODUCTION CYTOPLASM sometimes known as the cytosol f. Polysome - ribosome + mRNA ○ fluid portion containing the nucleus and the rest of the g. Legumes - high amount of protein, high in organelles ribosome ○ material left after removal of nucleus and vacuole h. All are membrane bound organelles except ribosome NUCLEUS ○ Eukaryotes contain more genetic material than prokaryotes ○ Histones–proteins unique to eukaryotes–combine with the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to pack the genetic material into compact chromosomes. tightly packed ○ The nuclear material is enclosed in a nuclear envelope formed of a double membrane. outer 1 inner membrane ○ The fluid portion is nucleoplasm (karyoplasm or karyolymph). i coding A encoding of genes ○ The es nucleus synthesize RNA. The pores are called nuclear pores, for transport of substances from nucleus to protoplasm. for ergastic substances (non-protoplasmic Flagella - longer; occurs in pairs, in four, or by being substances): 1 single ○ Crystals- - aSANG (LEC): INTRODUCTION corule) Calcium carbonate Carpal cell - egg cell production - Calcium oxalate Fruit cell - contains sugar, aroma, and attraction of - ○ Starch and aleurone grains - fruit-eating animals e - ○ Nitrogenous - inclusions D Crystalloids or protein crystals SUBUNITS OF PLANT CELL ○ Granules - / fibrous mat Whole Cell Why are calcium carbonate and calcium oxalates ○ Cell wall the only crystals made in the- vacuoles? ○ Protoplasm ○ Because calcium regulates the activity of ○ Nucleus the enzymes found inside of the cell. ○ Vacuole ○ Plant cells regulate the calcium ○ Cytoplasm concentration in protoplasm by moving All remaining organelles calcium into the vacuole where it forms our Cytosol crystals. Calcium carbonate MITOSIS ○ Raphides = needle-like cluster /idioblast (gabi) ○ Styloids = knife-like which has tapered All living cells in a plant have identical sets of ends Iwater hyacinth) chromosomes in their nuclei. ○ Rosette = star-like; flower-like Isantan pula) Each cell is said to be totipotent (F. C. Steward, ○ Prismatic = broken glass /diamond (trandescantia spathacea) 1950’s). Rudolf Virchow (1858) – all cells came from a preexisting cell. For almost all cell, for growth. 2N (diploid). Not applicable for sex cells/gametes. Duplication division. 1870 Walther Flemming various stages of chromatin appearance (mitosen – threads). Process of nuclear division: ○ Phases: 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase Calcium oxalate 4. Telophase ○ Cystolith - aggregate of grapes Prior to prophase, formation of a preprophase band Crystals protect plants from animals. balete (Ficus) (microtubules and acting filaments). dakot no bigas Isang Determines the position of division STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT PLANT CELLS Plane is perpendicular to the migrating chromosomes Structures of plant cells differs which is correlated to Disappearance of microtubules signals mitosis their functions. (acting filaments remain). OTHER SPECIALIZED CELLS Shoot/root tip cells - for cell division; are actively - dividing - Epidermal cells - for water retention; contain cutin/wax as barriers from bacteria and fungi Epidermal gland cells - found at the surface of plants; for the production of- poison Green leaf cells - for- photosynthesis Root epidermal cells - increases the - absorption or I collection of water/minerals. Vascular cells - for the-transportation of water and nutrients FLOWER CELLS Petal cell - for pigment attraction; to attract - pollinators Scent cell - produces fragrance - Nectary cell - contains sugar; for attraction of - pollinators - Stamen cell - indirectly involved in sperm cell - production -