Cell Theory and Prokaryotes Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which process do plants use to convert carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy into glucose?

Transpiration

Photorespiration

Photosynthesis (correct)

Respiration

What is the primary component of the cell wall in plants?

Lignin

Peptidoglycan

Cellulose (correct)

Chitin

What significant contribution did Sir Francis Bacon make to science?

Promoting the method of experimentation (correct)

Developing the theory of evolution

Exploring electromagnetic theory

Inventing the microscope

Which type of plant has its embryo protected within the mother plant's ovary?

Angiosperms Signup and view all the answers

In his experiments, what did Sir Charles Darwin observe regarding the behavior of stems?

Deflection towards light Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Lack of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cell wall serve in plant cells?

It provides protection and limits cell size. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of eukaryotic cells?

Plasmids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is classified as eukaryotic?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of plant cell walls?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the endosymbiotic theory in cell biology?

It describes how chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature exclusive to animal cells?

Absence of vacuoles Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Presence of membrane-bound organelles Signup and view all the answers

What does symplast refer to in plant tissues?

An interconnected mass of protoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the apoplast in plant cells?

Facilitating rapid diffusion of gases Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the observation of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells?

Robert Brown Signup and view all the answers

What diminishes the individuality of plant cells?

Interconnectedness via symplast Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the random movement of particles in fluids observed by Robert Brown?

Brownian movement Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is described as an osmoregulator because it is:

Semi-permeable and selective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the fluid mosaic model?

A flexible arrangement of lipid bilayers and proteins Signup and view all the answers

Cytoplasmic streaming involves the movement of:

Cytosol and organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms is classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells?

Presence of nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group is considered non-vascular?

Bryophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of conifers?

They produce cones Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants does not produce flowers?

Ferns Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom includes organisms without chloroplasts?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary misconception about fungi in the context of plant classification?

Fungi were originally considered plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common plant part?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about polysomes is accurate?

Polysomes are composed of ribosomes and mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What role do histones play in eukaryotic cells?

They pack DNA into compact chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the nuclear envelope consist of?

A double membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid portion within the nucleus known as?

Nucleoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Why are ribosomes unique among the cell organelles?

They are the only organelles that lack a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a major function of the nucleus?

Packaging of sugars Signup and view all the answers

What type of inclusions are found in plant cells?

Calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain more genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is specifically synthesized in the nucleus?

RNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport do nuclear pores facilitate?

Bidirectional transport of substances Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Theory and Types of Organisms

Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, which can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include eubacteria and cyanobacteria.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Plant cells possess a cell wall made of cellulose, providing structure and protection; animal cells lack a cell wall.

General Parts of a Cell

Cells contain three general parts: cell wall, protoplasm, and cell membrane.
Protoplasm includes cytoplasm and nucleus, enabling cellular activities and functions.
The nucleus is responsible for containing genetic material and coordinating cellular processes.

Cell Wall

The cell wall is a defining feature of plant cells, distinguishing them from animal cells.
Composed mainly of cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose, the cell wall provides structural support.
Lignins strengthen the cell wall, adding rigidity.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Suggests chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from independent prokaryotes engulfed by a larger eukaryotic cell.
This theory supports the interconnectedness of various forms of life and the evolution of complex cells.

Robert Brown and Cell Components

Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in 1833, highlighting its importance in plant cells.
Cytoplasmic streaming facilitates the movement of materials within the cell, contributing to metabolic processes.
Brownian movement describes the random movement of particles in a fluid, which contributes to cellular dynamics.

Photosynthesis and Cell Function

Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells, utilizing CO2, H2O, and sunlight to produce glucose.
The main component of plant cell walls is cellulose; fungal cell walls consist of chitin.

Scientific Method and Observation

Sir Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of experimentation and the scientific method for understanding the natural world.
Charles Darwin introduced the concept of natural selection as a means of explaining how species evolve.

Plant Characteristics

All plants typically have roots, stems, and leaves, although exceptions exist (e.g., ferns, cacti).
Vascular plants are differentiated from non-vascular plants (e.g., bryophytes like mosses), which lack traditional root structures.

Plant Cell Components

Eukaryotic cells contain more genetic material than prokaryotic cells, organized into chromosomes.
Histones in eukaryotic cells help package DNA into a compact form.
The nucleus synthesizes RNA and contains nuclear pores facilitating substance transport to cytoplasm.

Celestial Inclusions

Cells may contain crystalline structures, such as calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate, found in vacuoles.
Various inclusions may serve specific functions in plant cells, such as carbohydrate storage or structural support.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of cell theory, focusing on the distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers the general parts of a cell, including cell walls and protoplasm, and references Schleiden's contribution to cell biology. Test your understanding of these essential concepts in biology.