Lecture-1.1-Introduction-to-Plant-Science.pdf

INTRODUCTION Instructor: Djamae L. Manzanares, MSc  Plants produce spores and have cellulose have the ability to synthesize their own metabolic compounds through the process of photosynthesis  Botany Plant Science, Plant Biology,...

INTRODUCTION Instructor: Djamae L. Manzanares, MSc  Plants produce spores and have cellulose have the ability to synthesize their own metabolic compounds through the process of photosynthesis  Botany Plant Science, Plant Biology, Phytology branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes also included are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of interactions with the environment.  General Subdivisions of Botany Plant anatomy (Phytotomy): the study of plant cells and tissue Biophysics: the study of the application of physics to plant life processes Cytology: the study of the structure, function, and life history of plant cells Ecology: the study of the relationships between plants and the world in which they live, both individually and in communities Ethnobotany: the study of the uses of plants by indigenous people Genetics: the study of plant heredity and variation  General Subdivisions of Botany Microbiology: the study of microorganisms Molecular Biology: the study of structure and function of biological macromolecules in plants, including biochemical and molecular aspects of genetics Morphology: the study of microscopic plant form and life cycles Paleobotany: the study of the biology and evolution of fossil plants Palynology: the study of pollen and spores (Robert Brown) Physiology: the study of the functions and vital processes of plants (photosynthesis and mineral nutrition)  Organismal Specialization in Botany 1. Bryology – study of bryophytes which includes mosses, hornworts, and liverworts  Organismal Specialization in Botany 2. Lichenology – study of the biology of lichens (dual organisms consisting of an algae and a fungus)  Organismal Specialization in Botany 3. Mycology – study of the biology of fungi  Organismal Specialization in Botany 4. Pteridology – study of ferns and similar plants  Organismal Specialization in Botany 5. Phycology – study of algae  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 1. Agronomy crop and soil sciences Agronomists make practical use of plant and soil sciences to increase the yield of field crops 2. Plant Breeding the development of better types of plants involves selecting and crossing plants with desirable traits such as disease resistance  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 3. Biotechnology the study and manipulation of genes within and between species using biological organisms to produce useful products 4. Economic Botany the study of the utilization of plants with commercial importance by humans includes the study of harmful and beneficial plants and plant products  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 5. Food Science andTechnology the development of food from various plant products 6. Forestry the study of the forest management and the utilization of forest products  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 7. Horticulture the production of ornamental plants, fruits and vegetable crops 8. Natural Resource Management the responsible use and protection of our natural resources for the benefit of society  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 9. Plant Pathology the study of the diseases of plants 10. Phytochemistry the study of the chemical aspects of plant life processes, including the chemical products of plants (biochemistry)  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 11.Systematics the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among plants includes the classification and naming of organisms 12. Systems Ecology the use of mathematical models to demonstrate the role and use of plants as components of the ecosystem (i.e. concepts like nutrient cycling)  Applied Botanical/Plant Sciences 13. Taxonomy the subdiscipline of identifying, naming and classifying plants Taxonomy vs Systematics What is Life?  Living vs Non-living CRITERIA LIVING NON-LIVING 1. Form and size a. Most are arranged in Materials vary widely definite individuals b. Forms and size are within limits 2. Organization a. Made up of cells Cannot recombine materials b. Can rearrange and combine and their structure depends on chemical elements for their chemicals and mode of need formation 3. Movement Can move by themselves Can move with the help of an external force 4. Growth and life cycle Exhibit internal growth Exhibit external growth  Living vs Non-living CRITERIA LIVING NON-LIVING 5. Metabolism Undergo all the changes that Cannot metabolize the materials taken as food undergoes 6. Irritability Reset to changes in the There is a definite quantitative environment relationship between the intensity of the environmental change and the reaction produced 7. Reproduction Ability of an organism to create Do not have the ability to another one of the same kind reproduce  Plants vs Animals CRITERIA PLANTS ANIMALS 1. Form and size a. Body form is often variable a. Body form is constant b. Organs are added externally b. Organs are mostly internal c. Cells are within thick rigid c. Cells are within delicate walls of cellulose and membranes and tissues are sodium chloride is toxic both in solution containing sodium , potassium and chlorine 2. Metabolism Can manufacture their own Depend on plants and other food through photosynthesis animals 3. Irritability Do not have nervous system Have nervous system and they and they respond slower to can respond faster to stimuli stimuli Mimosa pudica Dionaea muscipula  History of Botany: Ancient Period Theophrastus (371-286 BC) -wrote two important sets of books on plants, Historia de Plantis (History of Plants) and De Causis Plantarums (The Causes of Plants) -able to classify plants into four categories: trees, shrubs, undershrubs & herbs  History of Botany: Medieval & Renaissance Period Pedanius Dioscorides - Greek physician, botanist and pharmacologist - His five-volume book, De Materia Medica was the precursor to all modern pharmacology and is one of the most influential herbal books in history.  History of Botany: Medieval & Renaissance Period Hieronymus Bock (or Jerome Bock) - Hieronymus Tragus (Latin name) - German botanist, physician and theologian - Published the book Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes in 1597 - Two genera of plants (Tragus and Tragia) were named by Carolus Linnaeus after him  History of Botany: Medieval & Renaissance Period Otto Brunfels - German theologian and botanist - Carl von Linne listed him among the “Fathers of Botany”’ - Wrote two books Herbarium vivae icones (1530 & 1536) and Contrafayt Krauterbuch (1532-1537)  History of Botany: Medieval & Renaissance Period Linnaeus named the genus Brunfelsia (a genus of about 40 species of neotropical shrubs and small trees) after his name  History of Botany: Medieval & Renaissance Period Leonhart Fuchs - Known as the third of the German fathers of Botany after Otto Brunfels and Jerome Bock - Author of the book Notable Commentaries on the History of Plants (published, 1542)  Classification of Plants the exact total number of kinds of plants on Earth is unknown and about 350, 000 species are known at present Taxonomy = the science of classification  Basis of Classification Until after the Renaissance, plants were classified chiefly on vegetative characters such as growth habits, leaf structure, human utility, etc. At present, reproductive structures and behavior are the chief basis of classification  Systems of Classification ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM - grouping organisms based on superficial resemblances - does not show the real relationships of organisms (e.g. grouping plants with thorns together) NATURAL SYSTEM - based on evolutionary relationships of organisms - started by Carolus Linnaeus (Father of Taxonomy) (e.g. classification of plants based on their embryonic development)  Classification of the Plant Kingdom Thallophytes (Thallobionta) Embryophytes (Embryobionta) Do not develop embryo Develop embryo Bacteria, fungi, lichens, algae Trees, flowers, ferns, mosses  STRUCTURE OF THE EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL Instructor: Djamae L. Manzanares, MSc  3 main parts of a living plant cell Cell wall Protoplast Inclusions  CELL WALL outermost part of a plant cell nonliving structure main component is cellulose (other substances present are: lignin, suberin and cutin) middle lamella: nonliving intercellular layer composed of pectin  PROTOPLAST living component of a single cell portions are organized into cytoplasmic bodies called organelles composed of two main regions: outer region (cytoplasm) and the inner region (nucleus)  Cytoplasm bounded by a protoplasmic membrane called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or cell membrane  Plasma Membrane selectively permeable protoplasmic membrane which regulates the entry and exit of materials in a cell three-layered structure consisting of light middle layer bounded by two dark layers (unit membrane) light layer: composed of phospholipids dark layers: consist of proteins  Mitochondria rounded, oval, sausage-shaped, rod-shaped main sites of cellular respiration bounded by a double membrane (2-unit membranes) cristae: inner membrane thrown into fingerlike folds  Ribosomes granular structures visible only under an electron microscope which are associated with protein synthesis  Golgi Bodies or Dictyosomes multilayered complexes play an important role in the secretory activities of the cell serve as packaging areas for secretions each appears to consist of flattened (stacked together like a pile of dishes) and rounded vesicles (have been pinched off from the flattened vesicles)  Lysosomes roundedor irregularly shaped organelles which contain hydrolytic or digestive enzymes play a role in the destruction of worn-out or defective parts of the cell belongto a group of structure called microbodies  Plastids rounded, oval or irregularly-shaped protoplasmic bodies of the three main types: Leucoplasts: colorless plastids which are involved in food storage Amyloplast: associated with storage of starch Elaioplast: associated with oil storage Aleurone-plasts: associated with storage of proteins Chloroplasts: green plastids which contain chlorophyll and carotenoid (yellow, orange) pigments Chromoplasts: colored plastids other than green which main pigments are carotenoids  Microtubules elongated tubular structures associated with movement where spindle fibers involved in cell division are derived from  Nucleus acts as control center and directs all the cell’s activities Nuclear Membrane or Nuclear Envelope outermost part of the nucleus semipermeable that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the nucleus Karyolymph/Nuclear Sap/Nucleoplasm fluid portion of the nucleus  Chromatin darkly staining material suspended within the nuclear sap representsthe visible portions of the chromosomes (contain the genes which determines the hereditary characteristics) which are observed only when the cells are undergoing cell division Nucleoli darkly staining rounded bodies rich in rRNA (used in the formation of ribosomes)  Inclusions non-protoplasmic structures found within the protoplast Vacuoles: fluid (cell sap)-filled structures that contains various dissolved substances such as anthocyanins (water-soluble pigments) and metabolites (sugars, inorganic salts, organic acids, alkaloids) Crystals: may be contained in vacuoles