1st QE Science Reviewer PDF

Science Batch Reviewer Made by 10-14 Hope Committee Topics: Scientific Investigation and Traits of a Good Scientist Causes, Effects, and Evidences of Climate Change Green Technology Sustainable Man...

Science Batch Reviewer Made by 10-14 Hope Committee Topics: Scientific Investigation and Traits of a Good Scientist Causes, Effects, and Evidences of Climate Change Green Technology Sustainable Mangement of Resources I. Scientific Investigation and Traits of a Good Scientist A. Scientific Investigation Scientific Process- involves a series of steps used to investigate a natural occurrence - systematic and orderly approach Steps of Scientific Investigation 1. Observe - Be aware, see the world, ask “why”, walk through - Using five senses - Noticing and describing phenomena - What is directly seen or measured Inference - Analysis or what we think from various perspectives - A reasoned conclusion based on observation Example: 2. Research - Gather existing information - Go to the library, read related problems, review existing records, consult experts 3. Writing Statement of The Problem - Should be specific, reliable, valid, measurable, objectively stated - Can be in question form or declarative statement - Should contextualize the problem, describe the exact issue your research will address, show the relevance of the problem, set the objectives of the research  4. Formulating a Hypothesis - Should be specific and testable on the research conducted Null Hypothesis (Ho) - there is no effect or no difference Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) - there is a presence of an effect or a difference Example: The effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. Ho: The new fertilizer has no effect on plant growth compared to the old fertilizer Ha: The new fertilizer increases plant growth compared to the old fertilizer. Differentiation: Hypothesis- tentative explanation, repeated experiments - testable, falsifiable, specific Theory- how or why an observed occurrence happens - supported by evidence, explains and predicts, refinable Scientific Law- rule, principle or general statement - empirically validated, mathematically expressed, descriptive not explanatory 5. Test / Experiment - Design your experiment with materials, methods, and procedures Types of Variables Independent- changing variable / the one being experimented on Dependent- observe variable / directly affected by the Independent variable Constant / Controlled- Same or constant variable Example: Effect of sunlight on plant growth. IV: Amount of sunlight DV: Plant height after 4 weeks CV: Same soil, same water amount, same plant type Types of Groups: Experimental Group- receives the treatment or condition being tested Controlled Group- does not receive the treatment and is used as a baseline for comparison Positive- has treatment (normal or prescribed treatment) Negative- no treatment  Example: Determine if a new fertilizer improves plant growth compared to no fertilizer. Experimental Group: Plants with the new fertilizer Negative CG: Plants with no fertilizer Positive CG: Plants with a known effective fertilizer 6. Analyze - Organizing data according to “parameter” - Summarizing data; visualizing data (graph, table, diagram) Types of Data: Qualitative Data- to understand deeper meaning, experiences, or patterns - not measured numerically, physical observation, descriptive Quantitative Data- to test hypotheses, numeric, measure variables, and identify patterns or relationships 7. Conclude - Draw a conclusion, accepting or rejecting hypothesis, sharing your experience or analyzed results of the experiment B. Traits of a Good Scientist 1. Curiosity- drives scientists to investigate unknowns, ask critical questions, and pursue new knowledge - Fuels the search for answers and encourages continuous learning 2. Fascination- motivates scientists to search deeply into their areas of interest, pursuit through challenges, and maintain passion for their research - Often leads to more profound commitment and enjoyment of their work 3. Humility- acknowledging the limits of their knowledge and being open to new ideas/corrections 4. Healthy Skepticism- practice of critically evaluating evidence and claims, questioning assumptions, and seeking verification before accepting results as valid 5. Positive Attitude Towards Failure- viewing setbacks as learning opportunities and maintaining motivation to continue pursuing research despite challenges 6. Open-Mindedness- willingness to consider and evaluate a wide range of ideas, hypotheses, and perspectives without bias 7. Perseverance- continued effort and determination to pursue research goals despite facing obstacles, failures, or challenges 8. Self-Confidence- belief in their ability to conduct research, interpret data, and make decisions based on their expertise 9. Intellectual Honesty- being truthful and transparent in reporting research findings, acknowledging limitations and errors, and presenting data and conclusions accurately without distortion or bias 10. Scientific Intuition- ability to make insightful guesses/predictions based on a deep understanding of scientific principles, even when you don't have all the data - “gut feeling” about what might be true or what will happen, grounded in experience and knowledge 11. Ethics- adherence to moral principles and professional standards in conducting research, including honesty, integrity, and respect for participants’ welfare II. Causes, Effects, and Evidences of Climate Change Climate Change Global Warming Long-term alteration of Long-term warming of earth’s temperature and typical overall temperature weather patterns in a place. Caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities. Causes 1. Deforestation - the process of clearing or cutting down forests, usually to make way for agriculture or urban development. Effects: Biodiversity loss, More carbon dioxide emissions Response: Reforestation 2. Burning of Fossil Fuels - the process of combusting substances like coal, oil, and natural gas to produce energy. Cause: Release of carbon dioxide and pollutants Effects: Higher temperatures Response: Switch to renewable sources 3. Agricultural Activities - involves the practices and processes related to farming and food production. Cause: Overuse of pesticides Effects: Biodiversity Loss (None targeted species) Response: Intergrated pest management Evidence and Effects Rising Temperature – long trend of increasing heat. 2020 & 2016: hotest temperatures. Effects: Productivity, health, agriculture, extreme weather Ocean Warming – Oceans are absorbing more heat, leading to warmer water temperatures. Effects: Coral reef bleaching, migration of marine species, decrease fish populations  Shrinking of Ice Sheets – causing glaciers to melt Effects: Rising sea levels Sea Level Rise - Rising sea levels due to melting ice and expanding seawater. Effects: Coastal flooding and relocation Extreme Weather - More frequent and severe weather events, such as hurricanes and heatwaves. Effects: Habitat loss, competition for resources, loss of diversity, health related risks, disruption of properties and livelihood Biodiversity Depletion – Many species are facing extinction or shifting their ranges due to changing conditions Effects: loss of habitat, food security, loss of livelihood and extinction of species Ocean Acidification - Oceans are becoming more acidic due to absorbing excess CO₂ Effects: Affects fishermen and marine biodiversity III. Green Technology Green Technology – also known as clean or environmental technology, refers to the use of science and technology to create products, systems, and processes to have minimal impact on the environment. They are used to promote sustainability, reduce the negative impact of human activities to the environment, and solve environmental issues. Examples of Green Technology 1. Renewable Energy Generates from natural resources (solar, wind, hydro), which are naturally replenished. Helps reduce greenhouse gases. 2. Energy Efficiency Using less energy to provide the same power Examples of these are LED lights and inverter-type air-cons 3. Green Building Designing/constructing buildings that minimize environmental impact by using sustainable resources. Includes the use of sustainable materials, reducing energy and water consumption, improving indoor air quality, and minimizing waste throughout the building’s life cycle. 4. Electric Vehicles Instead of using gas and diesel, they use hydrogen and electricity to power the engine of the vehicle.  Examples: Tesla Model 3 5. Waste Management Strategies for reducing, reusing, recycling and responsible disposal of waste. Example: composting organic waste to reduce landfill use. 6. Carbon Capture Captures carbon before it goes into the atmosphere to combat climate change. 7. Water Conservation Practices that reduce water-usage Example: rainwater harvesting systems for irrigation 8. Biodegradable materials Products made from natural materials that can break down natural materials safely and quickly into the environment 9. Smart Grids Uses digital technology to monitor and mage the electricity flow, improving efficiency and reliability Integrates renewable energy sources, allow for real-time data analysis, and enable consumers to manage their energy more effectively. 10. Environmental Monitoring Tools that track environmental conditions, helping to manage natural resources and addressing pollution. 11. Disadvantages of Green Technology High upfront costs. Requires specific maintenance and expertise that are not widely available. SDG’s Related to Green Technology SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy – promotes the use of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities – encourages sustainable urban planning and the adoption of green technologies in cities. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production – focuses on sustainable production and processes and waste management, which can be enhanced by green technologies. SDG 13: Climate Action – highlights the need for innovative technologies to combat climate change and reduce green house gas emissions. SDG 15: Life on Land – supports sustainable land use practices that can be improved with green technologies to protect ecosystems.  Other Examples 1. Vertical Farming Allows for agriculture in urbanized and space-constrained environments, maximizing good production. Eliminates the need for harmful chemicals and pesticides, making the food safer. 2. Carbon Capture Carbon neutral trapped Involves capturing carbon dioxide at emission sources, transporting and underground is then storing or burying it in a suitable deep, underground location. called carbon negative Also means the removal of carbon dioxide directly or indirectly from the atmosphere. 3. Green Buildings Incorporates measures that are environmentally friendly and resource- efficient across the building life cycle. Aims to comprehensively minimize negative impact and maximize positive impact a building has on its natural environment and human occupants. Examples: BTTC CENTRE (San Juan City) o uses double glass or insulated glass that regulates and maintains temperature and lessen AC use. o Also uses power regenerating electrical system for elevators. o Has a water system and sewage treatment system. ROBINLAND BUSINESS CENTER (Cebu City) o Due to its design, the light that enters is less intense. o Uses energy efficient lighting that ensures lower utility expenses. o Has waste management system and sewage treatment plan that recycles water for sanitation and irrigation use. 8 CAMPUS PLACE – BUILDING A (Taguig) o Encourages occupants to use public transportation by reducing the number of parking slots. o Has efficient plumbing fixtures resulting in 45 percent less water usage. Non-potable water is used for plant irrigation. o Has double glazed gas-filled insulated glasses o Partly constructed using materials that are recycled and locally available.  4. Algae Biofuels Nitrogen and Sunlight are needed to produce algae o Alternative to fossil fuel, generated by specific algal species from carbon dioxide. o The lipid (oil) part of the algae biomass can be extracted and converted to biodiesel by a process similar to that used for ay other vegetable oil. o Requires much less land to grow and can be grown on non-arable, nutrient-poor land that does not support conventional agriculture. o Algae farm can thrive without petroleum-based fertilizers, freshwater for irrigation of arable land. o Unlike fossil fuels, harvested algae release carbon dioxide when burnt, but it is absorbed by new growing algae. IV. Sustainable Management of Resources Natural Resources - It is anything found on planet earth or in the atmosphere that can be used by humans. Examples of Natural Resources: 1. Land Resources – Wood, Produce, Agricultural Products 2. Water and Marine Resources – Fish, coral reefs, seaweed, and seafood. 3. Mineral Resources - Gold, Silver, Tin, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron, Nickel, Chromium, and Aluminum 4. Energy Resources – Wind, Solar, Geothermal and Hydropower. Sustainability – It is the practice of using natural resources responsibly today, so they are available for future generations tomorrow. -- National Geographic Sustainable Agriculture o It is farming that meets the needs of existing and future generations, while also ensuring profitability, environmental health and social and economic equity. --UNEP o It aims to preserve soil fertility, prevent water pollution and protect biodiversity. It is also a way to support the achievement of global objectives, like the Sustainable Development Goals and Zero Hunger. Examples of Sustainable Agriculture:  1. Crop Rotation The practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. 2. Polyculture The practice of growing more than one crop species in the same space, at the same time. 3. Agroforestry A collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence 4. Alternative Fuels for Cars Using biodiesel (derived from fats such as vegetable oil, animal fat, and recycled cooking grease, can be blended with petroleum-based diesel) electricity or hydrogen as alternative to crude oil or fossil fuel. The Waste Hierarchy The waste hierarchy ranks waste management strategies and options according to what is best for the environment. The system prioritizes ways to use resources efficiently. It emphasizes the least wasteful practices at the top of the pyramid, while the last resort options of disposal and treatment are listed at the bottom. Picture of said “Waste Hierarchy”: