Anatomical Terminology Lecture Notes PDF

Anatomical Terminology Dr/Reham Ismail Taha Associate professor of Anatomy Faculty of medicine Mansoura University Anatomy The term 'anatomy' is derived from the Greek word meaning 'to cut'. It is the study of the stru...

Anatomical Terminology Dr/Reham Ismail Taha Associate professor of Anatomy Faculty of medicine Mansoura University Anatomy The term 'anatomy' is derived from the Greek word meaning 'to cut'. It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relations to one another.  Methods of study A) Cadavers: 1. Dissection 2. Viewing previously dissected material (jars). 3. plastinated models. B) Living: 1. Living anatomy: surface anatomy. 2. Endoscopy 3. Radiological methods: X-ray, C.T, M.R.I, ultrasound. C) Other methods: 1. using computer teaching modules e.g., complete anatomy 2. plastic models. Dissection Endoscopy  Anatomical position This position is used in describing the anatomy of the body. The body is in the anatomical position when it is:  standing upright with feet together  face is directed forwards.  Upper limbs are by the sides.  Palms of the hand are facing forwards.  Thumbs are directed laterally.  Other clinical positions:  Prone position: The human body lies on its face.  Supine position: The human body lies on its back.  Lateral recumbent position: The human body lies on its side (right or left).  Fowler′s position: semi-sitting position.  Trendelenburg position: the body is supine or prone on a 15–30 degree incline with the feet elevated above the head Lithotomy position: The human body lies on its back with flexion of hip and knee and abduction of hip joints. Anatomical planes  Sagittal (parasagittal) plane: right and left  Coronal plane: anterior and posterior  Horizontal plane: upper and lower Anatomical terms Anatomical terms Anatomical terms Anatomical terms Anatomical terms Anatomical terms  INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Structure of the skin The skin consists of two layers: Epidermis: It is covered by a keratin layer making it waterproof. Epidermal ridges are seen on the palmar aspect of hands and fingers (prints). Dermis: it consists of 1. Collagen fibres. 2. Elastic fibres. 3. Blood vessels. 4. Lymphatic vessels. 5. Nerves. Skin appendages Skin appendages  Applied anatomy Subcutaneous injection (SC): it is a common way to introduce medications like insulin and fertility drugs into the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). The best sites for injections: lower abdomen, gluteal region, thigh and arm. The subcutaneous tissue is thick in these areas. Intradermal injection (ID): is a superficial injection of a substance into the dermis, which is located between the epidermis and the hypodermis. This way is relatively rare compared to other injections.