1st lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy PDF

• Dr.Ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PhD • 1st Lecture Outline : A First Look at Anatomy Dr.ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PHD 1 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy 2 Lecture 1: Descriptive Anatomic Terms Objectives of the lecture goals to be followed in the Department of Anatomy, Introduction to the ove...

• Dr.Ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PhD • 1st Lecture Outline : A First Look at Anatomy Dr.ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PHD 1 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy 2 Lecture 1: Descriptive Anatomic Terms Objectives of the lecture goals to be followed in the Department of Anatomy, Introduction to the overall arrangement of body system 3 goals to be followed in the Department of Anatomy, • Anatomy is concerned with the structure and function of the body. It is the basic biological course in which students learn the morphological setting upon which clinical knowledge and experiences are built. • In this course, we approach anatomy from gross structural, developmental and radiological perspectives. • Students will use the knowledge acquired in this course to recognize normal variations and clinically relevant abnormalities during their medical careers. 4 • Thus, great emphasis is placed on learning normal structural-functional relationships. • To accomplish these goals, students acquire information through lectures, cadaver dissections, use of organ models, video tapes, anatomical websites, interactive software, small group tutorials. 5 • At the end of the course, students should have sufficient knowledge to form hypothetical diagnoses based on presentations of lost or impaired function. • In addition to learning the structure, function and context of anatomy, the gross anatomy experience provides students an opportunity to acquire and known many of the professional skills that will be used throughout their medical careers. 6 Develop a three-dimensional perspective of the human body and apply this knowledge to the interpretation of medical images. The student will be able to explain the major developmental events that occur during the embryonic period. Learn basic principles of human development as they apply to infertility, pregnancy and congenital malformations. Strengthen and refine the skills necessary to work effectively with others in solving problems and achieving goals. 7 The student will be able display knowledge of the relative positions and functions of the major body organs as well as their general anatomical locations for the body systems covered in Human Anatomy. The student will be able to name the anatomical structures associated the systems presented in the laboratory setting (histology, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, visceral, neural). Students will demonstrate competence in differentiating terms relating to the integumentary system. 8 The student will be able to describe, the various types of bones, joints and joint movement, the development of endochondral and intramembranous bone, to differentiate between fracture types, and order the steps of fracture repair. The student will be able to identify the anatomy of the heart, blood and lymph vessels as they relate to adult and fetal circulation. The student will be able to locate the structures associated with the brain and spinal cord.  Learn the anatomical vocabulary necessary to communicate effectively with medical colleagues; 9 This is our perception of the goals to be followed in the Department of Anatomy, Anatomy Department 2023-2024 10 We advice our students to read this lecture note in your recommended textbook 12 13 14 A First Look at Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure. • The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut open.” • It is the science which deals with the study of the structures and their arrangements in the human body. Word Meaning • ‘Ana’—body • ‘Tom’—cut. Introduction to Anatomy • Physiology • The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. • Structure and function cannot be completely separated. • Form is related to function. Kinds: 18 Gross Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the naked eye • Kinds: • Regional: • body studied by area • Systematic: • body studied by system 19 20 Surface anatomy Is an essential part of the study of regional anatomy. “surface anatomy sections” that provide knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action. Clinical anatomy (applied anatomy) emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application. 21 Microscopic Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the assisted eye • Kinds: • Cytology: • The study of cells • Histology: • The study of tissues • Organology: • The study of organs 22 Developmental Anatomy • Definition: • The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle • Kinds: • Embryology: • The study of prenatal development • Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth • Ontogeny: • Total development of an individual 23 Comparative Anatomy • Definition: • Comparison of structures between organisms • Kinds: • Vertebrate: • Comparison of structures among the vertebrate classes • Phylogeny: • The study of phyla, and their relationships 24 Physiology    The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be completely separated. Form is related to function 25 History of Anatomy • began around the Mediterranean Sea • Mesopotamia • The Greeks • Hippocrates (~400 B.C.): Father of Medicine • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): structure and function • Alexandria in Egypt • First Medical School, cadaver dissection • Herophilus (300 B.C.): Father of Anatomy • Rome (after Alexandria fall) • Galen (A.D. 130-201): “the supreme authority” 26 Tashrih albadan manuscript Ca 1400-1500 By Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Faqih iLyas 27 27 Leonardo’s Sketches 28 Plastination: Gunter von Hagen 29 STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Chemical • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism 30 Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules • Cellular – cells are made of molecules • Tissue – consists of similar types of cells • Organ – made up of different types of tissues • Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together • Organismal – made up of the organ systems 31 32 MAJOR FUNCTIONS • Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body • Anabolism: building; requires energy • Catabolism: break-down; releases energy • Excitability/Conductivity: • Contractility • Growth and Development • Reproduction 33 Levels of Organization in the Human Body • The simplest level of organization within the body is the chemical level, which is composed of atoms and molecules. • Atoms are the smallest units of matter. Levels of Organization in the Human Body • Molecules • Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as a protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin. • Macromolecules • Larger and more complex molecules such as DNA and proteins. Levels of Organization in the Human Body • At the cellular level, specialized structural and functional units called organelles permit all living cells to share some common functions. Levels of Organization in the Human Body • Large molecules join in specific ways to form cells, the basic units of structure and function in organisms. • The cell is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things (organisms), and it is the smallest living portion of the human body. Levels of Organization in the Human Body • Tissues • Groups of similar cells with a common function form tissue. • Tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions. Levels of Organization in the Human Body • Organs • Different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions form an organ. • Organ Systems • The organ system level consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. Levels of Organization in the Human Body • Organism • All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being, the organism. The Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body Are: • Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. • Example: The inner lining of the digestive system The Four Types of Tissues • Connective tissue protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs. • Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as blood), or intermediate (such as cartilage). 1-42 The Four Types of Tissues • Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal communication. • Brain, spinal cord, and nerves The Four Types of Tissues • Muscle tissue produces movement. • Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle • Cardiac muscle 1-44 Three Types of Muscular Tissue Location Skeletal skeleton Cardiac heart Visceral (smooth muscle) G.I. tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels Function movement, heat, posture Appearance Control striated, multinucleated (eccentric), voluntary fibers parallel pump blood striated, one central continuously nucleus involuntary Peristalsis, blood pressure, no striations, one pupil size, central nucleus erects hairs involuntary Function of Muscles  Produce movement  Maintain posture  Stabilize joints  Generate heat 46 Characteristics of Muscles  Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)  Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments  All muscles share some terminology  Prefix myo refers to muscle  Prefix mys refers to muscle  Prefix sarco refers to flesh 47 Naming of Skeletal Muscles  Direction of muscle fibers  Example: rectus (straight)  Relative size of the muscle  Example: maximus (largest) 48 Naming of Skeletal Muscles  Location of the muscle Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis)  Number of origins Example: triceps (three heads) 49 Naming of Skeletal Muscles  Location of the muscles origin and insertion  Example: sterno (on the sternum)  Shape of the muscle  Example: deltoid (triangular)  Action of the muscle  Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone) 50 Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles Integumentary System • Components • Skin • Hair, nails • Function • • • • External covering Protection Synthesis of Vitamin D Location of Sense receptors 53 Skeletal System • Components • Bones • Joints and adjacent cartilages • Function • • • • Support Protection Movement Blood cell production (red bone marrow) • Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus) 54 Axial Skeleton skull vertebrae ribs sternum hyoid Muscles acting on axial skeleton: • cause movement of trunk/vertebral column • ventilate lungs • support abdominopelvic viscera Appendicular Skeleton limbs limb girdles - clavicle, scapula; os coxae Muscles acting on appendicular skeleton: • act on joints of limbs • cause limb movement and locomotion 55 Muscular System • Components • Skeletal Muscles • Associated Connective Tissues (tendons) • Function • Locomotion • Manipulation of the environment • Facial expression (communication) • Maintain posture • Produce heat 56 Circulatory System • Components • Cardiovascular System • Lymphatic System • Function • Transportation of materials • Within the body • To and from internal and external environments 57 Cardiovascular System • Components • Heart • Vessels • Function • Transportation of blood • Blood contains O2 and CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc. • Blood composed of plasma and cells 58 Lymphatic System • Components • Lymphatic Organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc.) • Lymphatic Vessels • Function • Transportation of lymph • Lymph is derived from tissue fluid • Houses white blood cells 59 Immune System • Components • Immune Organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc.) • White blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.) • Function • Defense (Immune response) 60 Nervous System • Components • Brain, Spinal cord (CNS) • Nerves (PNS), sense receptors • Function • Control system (fast, “hard wired”) • Response to external and internal environments 61 Endocrine System • Components • Glands that secrete hormones • E.g.:Pituitary, pancreas, • thyroid • Function • Control system (slow, “chemical”) • Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use 62 Respiratory System • Components • Lungs • Tubing ( trachea, bronchus, etc.) • Larynx (vocal cords) • Function • Exchange of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) • Between blood and atmosphere • Voice production 63 Digestive System • Components • Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) • Accessory structures(liver, salivary glands, etc.) • Function • Break down food into small, absorbable pieces • Between blood and lumen • Eliminate waste 64 Urinary System • Components • Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra • Function • Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood • Between blood and external environment • Regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base 65 Reproductive System • Components • Male Reproductive System • Female Reproductive System • Function • Perpetuation of the species • Hormones influence structure and function • Sexually bimorphic species 66 Organ Systems of the Body • Male reproductive system • Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens • Main function is the production of offspring • Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones • Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract 67 Organ Systems of the Body • Female reproductive system • Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina • Main function is the production of offspring • Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones • Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus • Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn 68