Reviewer in 21st Century Literature PDF

**[REVIEWER IN 21^ST^ CENTURY LITERATURE]** **CONCEPT NOTE NO. 1** **WHAT IS LITERATURE?** Origin of the term: "Literature" is derived from the Latin word *litera* which means letter. Literature is defined as "pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially those in a form of novel...

**[REVIEWER IN 21^ST^ CENTURY LITERATURE]** **CONCEPT NOTE NO. 1** **WHAT IS LITERATURE?** Origin of the term: "Literature" is derived from the Latin word *litera* which means letter. Literature is defined as "pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially those in a form of novels, plays, short stories and poems." According to Kahayon (1998), literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man- thus it can be said that literature is a story of man. Through Literature, we learn the innermost feelings and thoughts of people -- the most real part of themselves, thus we gain an understanding not only of others, but more importantly, of ourselves and of life itself. -- Garcia, et al, 1993. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Literary Periods** **Major literary Trends, Movements and Highlights** --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ **Anglo-Saxon** or Old English Period\ **Heroic Tradition:** poetry focused on hero's bravery\ (450--1066) **Elegiac Tradition:** writers mourned the passing of earlier, better times. **Anglo-Norman** or Middle English Period\ **Popular forms of Writing:** Chronicles, Poetry, Drama, Religious and Didactic writing. (1066--1500) **Renaissance** Period or Age of Shakespeare\ **Trends:** Revival of learning, Rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art, focus on 'Humanism' and 'Puritanism'.\ (1500--1660) **Major Forms of literature:** poetry and drama.  **Neoclassical** Period or the Enlightenment Age\ **Trends:** Revival of classical art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome, focus on order, accuracy, and structure. \ (1660--1798) **Poetic Trends:** Use of allusions, heroic couplet and strict meter and rhyme. \ **Chief Contribution:** The Modern Novel. **Romantic Period**\ **Trends:** The Romantic Movement in Poetry,[ Gothicism in literature](https://elifnotes.com/gothicism-in-literature/). \ (1798--1837) **Chief Contribution:** Romantic Poetry and The Gothic Novel. **Victorian Period**\ **Literary Trends & Movements:** Symbolism, Utilitarianism, Oxford Movement, Romantic Protestantism. Age of Prose & Novel. \ (1837--1901) **Main Focus**: individually, morality note, conflict between religion and science, human beings than nature. **The Modern Period** (1901-1945) This rebellion hugely affected modern literature, which was directed by moral values, spiritual ideals as well as mental attitudes that were dramatically opposed to those of the Victorians.  **Contemporary Period\ **Literary Trends:** structuralism, deconstruction, poststructuralism, postmodernism, postcolonialism, and magic realism. \ **(1945-Today) **Main Focus:** horrors of war, genocide, life experiences, real-life themes, alienation, transformation, consumption & relativity of truth. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **CONCEPT NOTE NO 2** **SIGNIFICANCE OF LITERATURE** - Expanding Horizons - Building Critical Thinking Skills - A leap into the past - Appreciation for other cultures and beliefs - Better writing skills - Addressing humanity - When we read, we became travellers. - When we read, we learn to read between the lines. - When we read, we intertwined with history. - When we read, we understand and experience the systems and livings. - When we read, we expand our vocabulary. - When we read, we realize the imperfection of life. **CONCEPT NOTE NO 3** **HALLMARKS OF LITERATURE** 1. **Artistry --** quality in beauty sense. 2. **Intellectual Value** -- the thought in the text. 3. **Suggestiveness --** unravels man's emotional power to define symbolism, nuances, implied meanings and messages. 4. **Spiritual Value --** the moral lessons and values elevating the person's spirit in the story in whatever situation. 5. **Permanence** - the endurance of the work. a. **Timeliness --** occurring at a particular time. b. **Timelessness --** remaining invariable throughout time. 6. **Universality --** how literature appeals to everyone regardless of culture, race, gender, and time. 7. **Style -** refers to the distinct way the author expresses his or her thoughts. **CONCEPT NOTE NO. 5** **LITERATURE DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD** 1. 2. 3. - **[Uyayi]** - lullaby - **[Kumintang]** - war song - **[Kundiman]** - melancholic love song - **[Harana]** - serenade - **[Tagay]** - drinking sing  - **[Mambayu]** - Kalinga rice-pounding song - **[Subli]** - dance-ritual song of courtship - **[Tagulaylay]** - songs of the dead 4. - - - - - 5. 1. - - - 2. - Alamat ni Mariang Makiling 3. - - 6. - - - - Introduction of theater, playlets and drama. - Teaching of the Christian Doctrine - Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects - Periodicals this times gained religious tone - Literature: religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry. **THE FIRST BOOKS   **   [1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). ] \- This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Our Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Cathecism. Three old original copies of this book can still be found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs \$5,000.0.   [2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario.]  \- The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas,  and questions and answers on religion.      [3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog]). \- This is the first book printed in typography.      [4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat.] -This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation  has only 556 pages. The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia.    [5. The Pasion. ] This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the name of the writer. These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the de Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced (by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis de Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced version which is the most popular.   [6. Urbana at Felisa.]  \- A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior.  [7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary).]  \- A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest,wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially during the Maytime "Flores de Mayo" festival. **PHILIPPINE LITERATURE: AMERICAN PERIOD** The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines The United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946 Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was spurred by two significant developments in education and culture. One is the introduction of free public instruction for all children of school age and two, the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools.  **Themes of Literature:** - Desire for freedom - Love of country - Fight against Colonialism and Imperialism **NEWSPAPERS:** [1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day).] Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The American censors twice banned this and threatened Osmeña with banishment because of his nationalistic writings.  [2.EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation). ] A newspaper founded by Pascual H. Poblete in 1899 and is believed to stop the circulation in 1914. It is themed radical promoting freedom of the Philippines under American. [3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth)]. Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901. The most influential newspaper in Manila during the Spanish Colonial Period.  **PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH DURING AMERICAN OCCUPATION IS DIVIDED INTO THREE FRAMES** [1. The Period of Re-Orientation (1898-1910)] English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation in August 13, 1898 and as they say, a choice bestowed on us by history. [2. The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)] By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story writing. [3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)] By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama. **TYPES OF LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING AMERICAN OCCUPATION**\ [1. Poetry] Noteworthy names in this field, they wrote in free verse, in odes, and sonnets in other types. Poetry was original, spontaneous, competently written, and later, incorporated social consciousness. [2. Short Story (1925-1941)] Poetry and short stories flourished during these times. [3. Publications] The Philippine Free Press provided the first incentives to Filipino writers in English by offering prizes for worthwhile contributions. Other publications followed suit. [4. The Drama (1925-1941)] Drama during this period did not reach the heights attained by the novel or the short story. **PHILIPPINE LITERATURE: JAPANESE PERIOD** **HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (1941 - 1945)** **FILIPINO LITERATURE** - Poetry - Filipino Drama - Filipino Short Stories - Philippine Literature in English - FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD 1. Haiku -- is an unrhymed verse form of poem that originated in Japan. It is made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. 2. Tanaga -- like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and is allegorical in meaning. 3. Karaniwang Anyo (usual form) -- is the usual and common form of poetry. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. **Writers** - Jose Ma. Hernandez -- wrote [PANDAY PIRA]{.smallcaps} - Francisco Soc Rodrigo -- wrote [SA PULA, SA PUTI]{.smallcaps} - Clodualdo del Mundo -- wrote BULAGA - Julian Cruz Balmaceda -- wrote SINO BA KAYO? DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories. **Writers** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of judges composed of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a result of this selection, the following got the first three prizes: - [First](https://www.slideshare.net/ferlaine_cruz_canlas/the-japanese-period-1941-1945#12) Prize Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN - Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo's UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA - Third Prize: NVM Gonzales' LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT DAGATAN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH - Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippines literature in English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for propaganda. - Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writer felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to published their works. - Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fears and doubts in the heart of the people. **Writers** - Carlos P. Romulo -- won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestseller - I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES - I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE - MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHERS AMERICANS - Salvador P. Lopez - Leon Ma. Guerrero - Raul Manglapuz - Carlos Bulosan - THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER - THE VOICE OF BATAAN - SIX FILIPINO POETS - Nick Joaquin - THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUZ - Fred Ruiz Castro - Alfredo Litiatco - WITH HARP AND SLING - Jose P. Laurel - FORCES THAT MAKE A NATION GREAT The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers. - Rafael Zulueta da Costa -- LIKE A MOLAVE (poetry) - Manuel E. Arguilla - HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A WIFE (short story) - Salvador P. Lopez -- LITERATURE AND SOCIETY (essay) - Juan Laya -- HIS NATIVE SOIL (novel) Other Writers President Manuel L. Quezon's autobiography THE GOOD FIGHT was published posthumously. - Juan Collas - Tomas Confesor - Roman A. de la Cruz - Elisa Tabunar **[PHILIPPINE LITERATURE: CONTEMPORARY PERIOD]** 1943-Without Seeing the Dawn, first postwar novel by Stevan Javellana 1950 -- Modern poetry I in full swing 1954 -- Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for literature includes one-act play in English 1960 -- PETA (Philippine Educational Theatre Association) is founded by Cecille Guidote 1969 -- The coming of the vocal playwrights based in universities, plays in streets, strikes, and protest march 1990 -- The collection and study of regional literatures has gained impetus in contemporary times **Essential Features of Contemporary/Modern Period Literatures** **Before the Declaration of Martial Law** \- Literature was used as an expression of defiant emotion to urge for social reforms \- Philippine writing in the vernacular became popular \- Through literary criticism, the writers had the opportunity to publish their studies and literary forms **1946-1960** \- English had been mastered by the Filipino writers through their academic training \- The writers had a better knowledge of their craft and enjoyed political independence. \- The writing and staging of Philippine plays written in English became active especially in 1954 when the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature included the one-act play category in prizes \- The literature in Tagalog was rejuvenated attacked the ills of the society **1970-1972 (Rise of nationalism and Student Activism)** \- Nationalism was emphasized by young and aspiring writers \- Revolutionary form of literature \- Campus newspapers played an important role in attacking the ills of society and politics \- It was an age of Realism for Philippine theatre. **1972-1981 (Period of New Society)** \- New critical theories such as Formalism and Post-structuralism became popular \- Provided a venue in reviving traditional drama and in creating original plays. **1981- 1985 (3rd Republic)** -Creative writing is part of the curricular writings offered by academic institutions \- New criticism; post structuralism, post modernism continued to surface in the approach to literature. Emergence of other literary criticisms like feminism, gay and lesbian writing emerged **Literature After EDSA (1986-1995)** 1986---People Power that ousted Pres. Marcos and established the presidency of Corazon C. Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino Literary Events and Features **1. Two centers for creative writing were established** **(a) Academic institutions---**universities where Creative Writing is part of the curricular offerings, and influenced the writing of young people: Diliman Review and The Literary Apprentice (UP), Sands and Coral (Siliman Univ.) Heights and Pantas (AdMU), Malate and Likha (DLSU), The Varsitarian (UST), Bisig (PUP) **(b) Writer's Organizations---**sponsor symposia on writing and/or set up workshops for its members and other interested parties: UMPIL, KATHA, LIRA, LUDABI, GAT, PLAC **2. Award giving bodies, annuals, competitions, and publications provide the incentives for writers to keep producing:** Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards, Surian, Komisyon ng Wikang Pambansa, CCP, NCCA, GAPAS, KAIBIGAN **Characteristics of Philippine Literature after EDSA** 1\. In the academe, critical orientation is influenced by current literary theories from England and the US. 2\. "Non-traditional" publications marked by adventurousness were published; for example, creative writing from the underground left. 3\. Marginalized authors, genres, and themes became part of mainstream Philippine critical discourse (example: feminist criticism, OFW's, gay and lesbian writings) 4\. Retrieval and recuperation of writing in Philippine languages other than Tagalog. **[Gelasio Guillermo:]** Ang Panitikan ng Pambansang Demokrasya **[Alise Guillermo]**: Images of Change **[Elmer Ordones:]** The Other View **[Edel Garsellano:]** First Person, Plural **[Soledad S. Reyes]**: Kritisismo **[Virgilio S. Almario:]** Kung sino and Kumatha kina Bagongbanta, Ossorio, Herrera, Aquino de Belen, Balagtas, Atbp. **[Isagani R. Cruz]**: Beyond Futility **[Zelda Soriano:]** Kung Saan Ako Pupunta **[Jason Montana:]** Clearing **[Levy Balgos dela Cruz:]** Bukal ng Tubig at Apoy **NATIONAL ARTISTS IN LITERATURE** **National Artists** They are the Filipino artists who have greatly contributed to the promotion and preservation of our cultural heritage. They have made significant contributions in their own field of expertise, earning them the Order of National Artists. **The Order of the National Artists** Also known as Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining, is thus a rank, a title, and a wearable award that represents the highest national recognition given to Filipinos who have made distinct contributions in the field of arts and letters. **When was the Order of National Artists created?** It was established by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 1001, s. 1972, which created the Award and Decoration of National Artist. **National Artist in Literature** **Historical Literature** - Carlos Quirino (November 4, 1910 -- May 20, 1999) Literature - Francisco Arcellana (September 6, 1916- August 1, 2002) - N.V.M Gonzalez (September 8, 1915-November 28, 1999) - Nick Joaquin (May 4, 1917- April 29, 2004) - F. Sionil Jose (December 3, 1924) - Alejandro Roces (July 13, 1919- May 23, 2011) - Edith I. Tiempo (April 22, 1919- August 21, 2011) - Virgilio S. Almario (March 9, 1944) - Amado V. Hernandez (September 13, 1903- May 24, 1970) - Carlos P. Romulo (January 14, 1899- December 15,1985) - Bienvenido Lumbera (April 11, 1935) - Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941) - Lazaro Francisco (February 22, 1898 -- June 17, 1980) - Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 -- February 7, 1997) - Resil B. Mojares (September 4, 1943) - Ramon L. Muzones (March 20, 1913 -- August 17, 1992) **Major Genres** 1. **PROSE --** derived from the Latin expression ***prosa oratio*** which means straightforward or direct speech. is a form of written or spoken language that typically exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure. 2. **POETRY --** derived from the Greek ***poiesis*** which means "to make." **KINDS OF PROSE:** **NON-FICTIONAL PROSE --** Textbooks, newspaper articles, and instruction manuals all fall into this category. Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl, composed entirely of journal excerpts, recounts the young teen's experience of hiding with her family in Nazi-occupied Netherlands during World War II. **FICTIONAL PROSE --** A literary work of fiction. This is the most popular type of literary prose, used in novels and short stories, and generally has characters, plot, setting and dialogue. **HEROIC PROSE --** Narrative prose tales that are counterpart of heroic poetry in subject, outlook, and dramatic style. Whether composed orally or written down, the stories are meant to be recited, and they employ many of the formulaic expressions of oral tradition. Example: The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, is an Old Norse textbook written in Iceland a century after the close of the Viking Age. The Prose Edda is the source of most of what we know of Norse Mythology. Its tales are peopled by giants, dwarves, and elves, superhuman heroes and indomitable warrior queens. **PROSE POETRY --** is written as prose, without the break associated with poetry. However, it makes use of poetic devices such as fragmentation, compression, repetition, rhyme, metaphor and figures of speech. **FORM OF PROSE** [Prose Drama --] a drama in a prose form. [Novel --] long fictitious narrative. [Short Story --] a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time. [Myth --] is a traditional story or tale full of symbols. [Legend --] traditional story or a group of stories with a sound message for the audience. [Fable --] usually features animals that behave and speak as human beings. [Parable --] a brief, educational story that explains one or more informative lessons [Essay --] short literary composition. [Biography --] short story of a certain person's life written by another person. [Autobiography --] a written account of man's life written by himself. [Letter --] written message. [Diary --] daily written record. [Journal --] magazine or periodical 1. **DRAMA:**a composition in [verse](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/verse#h1) or [prose](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prose#h1) intended to portray life or character or to tell a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed for theatrical performance, the word drama means "action" in Greek. **TYPES OF DRAMA** **COMEDY** are usually humorous plays that include the following elements: - Lighthearted tone - Clever wordplay or turns of phrase - Serious topics addressed in a humorous way - Comical misunderstandings - Happy ending - Silly, offbeat characters **FARCE** is a type of broad comedy. It depends less on a narrative storyline and more on physical humor, sight gags, silly jokes. It includes the following: - Exaggerated humor - Slapstick gags - Nonsensical storyline - Improbable events - One or two settings - Humor is often crude and inappropriate **OPERAS** are dramas in which the characters sing each line rather than speaking. The entire production is set to a musical score. It includes these attributes: - Musical soliloquies known as arias - Plot-driving passages that can be non-melodic - A libretto (text) set to a musical score - Subject matter that is tragic, comic, or melodramatic - Can incorporate an element of dance, but typically relies on singing performances - Elaborate sets, costume design, and production **MELODRAMAS** tell a serious story in serious ways. It includes the following: Character tropes such as heroes, heroines, villains, mentors, etc. Sweeping stories of romance or serious topics Larger-than-life plots and circumstances (or very small stories told in big ways) Exaggerated character reactions Clear literary themes Flawed characters who must overcome their faults in order to reach their resolution Ending that is sometimes happy, sometimes unhappy **MUSICAL DRAMA** Opera and Musical Drama can easily be put into the same category. However, their production proves that there are significant differences between the two. Musical Dramas include the following: - Periods of standard storyline interrupted by songs - Characters often singing in unison to express feelings - Songs as plot-changing devices - Dramatic or comedic storylines - Catchy, distinctive musical score - Often lots of singing and dancing **TRAGEDY** just from the word tragedy, you can assume that the ending will be sad. But there is more to a tragedy than a play with no happy ending. It includes the following: - A protagonist with a tragic flaw - Circumstances that quickly get out of control -- and not in a funny way - Darker themes than a melodrama, such as human suffering, hatred, or poverty - Features the downfall of a previously heroic or well-liked character - An irredeemable ending that results in one or more characters' deaths - Reaches a tragic catharsis **TRAGICOMEDIES** are more complex than a drama with a few jokes, or a comedy with a serious scene. Some ways to tell if you're watching a tragicomedy are if it has: - A serious storyline told in a humorous, sardonic, or snide way - Tragically flawed characters whose actions don't result in death - An ambiguous theme - Broad characters who act in classically comical ways