World Lit Review PDF

**MISSION:** To be the leading educational institution of choice dedicated to the success of its graduates **VISION:** To be a transformative educational institution committed to the success of its graduates through quality instruction, relevant research, and strong community engagement. **CORE VA...

**MISSION:** To be the leading educational institution of choice dedicated to the success of its graduates **VISION:** To be a transformative educational institution committed to the success of its graduates through quality instruction, relevant research, and strong community engagement. **CORE VALUES:** Self-leadership, Integrity, Academic Excellence **MEANING OF LITERATURE** [Littera] - Letter [Literature] - Knowledge of books - refer to the sum total of world's national literatures **EARLY PERIOD OF LITERATURE** **Classical Period (1200 BCE - 455 CE)** - A golden age for literature and arts - Some literary works in this period: - The Iliad and The Odyssey by [Homer] - Works and Days by [Hesiod] - Theogony by [Hesiod] - Greek writer and philosopher: - Gorgias - Socrates - Aesop - Aristotle - Plato - Euripides **Medieval Period (455 CE -- 1485 CE)** - Anglo -- Saxon Period (Old English Period) - Some literary works: - The Canterbury Tales (Geoffrey Chaucer) - Beowulf - The Dark Ages and the Bards - The Dream of the Holy Rood - Famous Author: - Geoffrey Chaucer - Martin Luther - Thomas Aquinas - Caedmon - Literary Genres: - Elegy - Narrative Romance - Religious Liturgy **Renaissance Period (1485 -- 1660 CE)** - Division between the Middle age and Modern era - First printing press was invented - Focuses on humanism and revival of classical texts - Some literary works: - Romeo and Juliet - When I was Fair and Young - Utopia - The faerie Queen - Famous Author: - William Shakespeare - Queen Elizabeth I - Sir Thomas More - Edmund Spencer **LATER PERIOD OF LITERATURE** **Enlightenment Period (1660 BCE -- 1790)** - The Age of Reason (Neoclassical Period) - Era of Logic - Emphasize on reason, science, and skepticism - Some literary works: - All for Love - The Rape of the Lock - Rights of Man - Elegy written in a churchyard - Famous Author: - John Dryden - Alexander Pope - Thomas Paine - Thomas Gray - Popular Types of Literature: - Essay - Melodrama - Letters - Fables **Romantic Period (1790 -- 1830)** - Great Age for the Novel - Emphasize on Emotion, Imagination, and Individualism - Some literary works: - I wondered Lonely as a Cloud - Kubla Khan - Song of Innocence and Experience - Mathilda - Famous Author: - William Wordsworth - Samules Taylor Coleridge - William Blake - Mary Shelley **Victorian Period (1832 -- 1901)** - The Reign of Queen Victoria - Fusion of pure romance and gross realism - Some literary works: - The Pickwick Papers - How do I love Thee - Ulysses - Famous Author: - Charles Dicken - Elizabeth Browning - Alfred Lord Tennison **Modern Period (1914 -- 1945)** - Characterized by a self-conscious break w/ traditional way of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction. - Some literary works: - The Road Not Taken - And Death Shall Have No Dominion - Insensibility - Famous Author: - Robert Frost - Dylan Thomas - Wilfred Owen **Postmodern Period (1945 -- onward)** - Characterized by reliance on narrative tech such as fragmentation, paradox, and the unreliable narrator - Some literary works: - Infinite Jest - The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - Waiting for Godot - Famous Author: - David Foster Wallace - T.S Eliot - Samuel Beckett **VALUES OF LITERATURE** - Refers to the qualities of poem, stories, novels **a. Entertainment Value** - Gives occasion to enjoy yourself **b. Political Value** - Gives occasion to change how a person thinks or acts - Attempts to persuade people to start acting and thinking in "this" way **c. Artistic Value** - Gives occasion to contemplate the nature of beauty and human creativity **d. Cultural Value** - Gives occasion to think about the place and time of the author at the time the work was written **e. Historical Value/Facts** - Gives occasion to think about the past, how things change overtime, and how the world has evolved into what it is today \*the less we know about how things were, the more likely we are to relive them\* **f. Philosophical Values** - Gives occasion to explore the nature of human knowledge, how we know and what we can know **g. Moral Value** - Gives occasion to learn a lesson (teaches us) **h. Ethical Value** - Gives occasion to think about ethical questions - **APPROACHES AND METHODS OF STUDYING LITERATURE** **a. Formalistic/ Literary Approach** - "pure" or "literary" approach - Based on the literary elements - Close to the *"art for art's sake"* dictum - So -- called literary elements: - Literal lvl (subj matter) - Affective values (emotional, mood, atmosphere, tone attitudes, empathy) - Ideational values (themes, visions, universal truths, char) - Technical values (plot, structure, scene, lang, pov, imagery, figure, metrics) - Total effects (the interrelation of the foregoing elements) **b. Moral and Humanistic Approach** - \*The nature of man is CENTRAL to lit - "requires" that a piece present MAN AS ESSENTIALY RATIONAL - Close to "MORALITY" of lit **c. Historical Approach** - Reflection and product of times and circumstances in which it is written - Arranges lit chronological order - Suitable to hs classes, survey courses **d. Cultural Approach** - Lit as one of the principal manifestation and vehicles of a nations or race's culture & trad - Richest and pleasurable way to arrive and appreciate the culture of the people - *"culture teaching through lit"* **e. Psychological Approach** - [Freud] -- lit as Expression of Personality of "inner drive" of neurosis **LITERARY STANDARDS** **1. Permanence --** a great work of lit endures \- appeal is lasting **2. Artistry --** appeals to our sense of beauty **3. Suggestiveness --** asso w/ emotional power of lit **4. Universality --** lit is timeless and timely (forever relevant) **5. Spiritual value --** elevates spirit by bringing out moral values which makes a better person \- capacity to inspire **6. Intellectual Value --** stimulates thought \- enriches mental life by making us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature **7. Style --** peculiar way in which writers sees life **LITERATURE AND HISTORY** **-** lit and his are closely interrelated \- written customs and trads, dreams and aspirations -- [literature] \- history is an integral part of lit \*lit may not necessarily be based on true events but history is\* **MINOR FORMS OF LIT** - Newspaper, magazine, comic, ads, twitters, rap lyrics, diaries, letters **MAJOR FORMS OF LIT** **-** Novel, drama, screen play, poetry \*Biography and auto-biography are ex of non-fiction \***Litteratura** -- "work w/ letters" **LITERARY ELEMENTS** **1. Elements of Play** **\***drama speaks to us in a universal language a\. [Plot (Mythos)] \- progression of events \- foundation of drama [b. Character (Ethos)] \- reps of morals or quals \- shape the plot's outcome \- directly influence the "reversal of fortune" [c. Thought (Dianoia)] \- theme/message of a work \- theme -- communicated visually or through dialogue [d. Diction (Lexis)] [e. Melody (Melos)] \- music in the drama and the natural flow of events [f. Spectacle (Opsis)] \- visual elements (costumes, set design, special effects) \- needs to work alongside plot and character **2. Elements of a Short Story** [a. Settings] -- where the story takes place [b. Characters --] person, animal, or personified things **[Kinds of Characters:]** \- Protagonist & Antagonist [c. Conflict] -- challenges a character face in a narrative **[Types of Conflict:]** \- Char vs Self - Char vs Char \- Char vs Nature - Char vs Society [d. Theme] -- idea, belief, moral, lesson, or insight being discusses \- author's main point of contention [e. Plot --] seq of events that take place throughout the narrative **[Elements of a Plot:]** \- Exposition - Rising Action \- Climax - Falling Action \- Resolution **3. Elements of Poetry** [Poetry --] is an intricate literary form [a. Structure and Form] -- **S** -- refers to the way a poem is organized and the relationship between the diff parts of poem **[Structural Elements:]** Stanza -- group of lines Verse/Line -- stanzas w/ no set \# of lines **F** -- the type of poem **[Important Poetry Forms:]** Sonnet -- 14-line poem Ode -- formal lyric poem Lyric -- personal piece of poetry (short, melodic) [b. Meter] -- basic rhythmic structure of a line **[Two Component:]** The number of syllables A pattern of emphasis on those syllables +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Metrical Feet | Metrical Patterns | +===================================+===================================+ | \- lamb | \- lambic pentameter (line that | | | contains five iambs each) | | \- trochee | | | | \- trochaic tetrameter (a | | | recurring patter of four | | | trochees/ line | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **[Rhyme & Rhyme Scheme]** [Rhyme] -- repetitive pattern of sounds **Common types of Rhyme:** \- End -- occurs when two or more lines rhyme \- Imperfect -- occurs in words that do not have identical sound \- Internal -- occurs in the middle of lines **[Sound & Rhythm]** S -- how a line or what sounds specific words evoke in reader's minds (rhyme, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia) R -- the beat (stressed and unstressed) and pace of poem **[Subject]** \- what the poem is about **[Speaker]** \- one who narrates the poem **[Figurative Language & Poetic Devices]** \- suggest diff interpretations of words or to evoke other ideas FL -- (Alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia) PD -- (Symbolism, juxtaposition, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, irony, personification) **[Theme]** \- persuading thought in a work of lit (love, nature, beauty, death) **[Tone & Mode]** \- the language, sound, and form used \- includes the tone or attitude of a poem speaker and the mood of the entire text **[Syntax]** \- ordering of words into meaningful patterns \- manipulated by poets to emphasize specific words