Human Body Organisation PDF

Organisation of the Human Body 1 What is Physiology - definition? “Physiology is the Science of the Normal Functions and Phenomena of Living Things” Oxford English Dictionary 2  Human and A...

Organisation of the Human Body 1 What is Physiology - definition? “Physiology is the Science of the Normal Functions and Phenomena of Living Things” Oxford English Dictionary 2  Human and Animal Physiology Reproductive Skeletal Renal Physiology Respiratory Neuronal Digestive Integumentory Trunk of the tree Cardiovascular Immune Endocrine of biomedical and QuickTime™ and a Muscular Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. life sciences Cell Physiology Molecular Biology Study of eleven Biochemistry different body systems Physics Chemistry Biology Maths 3 Functional Organization of the Human Body 4  Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue Heart 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of Cardiovascular similar types of cells system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue (organ) Organismal level Connective 6 The human organism is tissue made up of many organ systems 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different 5 Organ system level types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely 5  Cells: the basic structural and functional unit (~ 100 trillion) Tissues: (e.g. muscles, epithelial, nervous ) Organs: (e.g. kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas) Organ systems: (e.g. cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary) 6  The Primary Tissues FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE HUMAN BODY: EPITHELIAL: Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities CONNECTIVE: Binds and supports body parts MUSCULAR: Causes body parts to move NERVOUS: Responds to stimuli and transmits impulses from one body part to another 7  Epithelial Tissues Covers entire body surface and most of the body's inner cavities. Outer epidermis (skin) protects from injury and drying out Inner epidermal tissue, on internal surfaces protects, secretes mucus (e.g. along digestive tract) 8  Connective Tissues Connects organs Functions: - bind structures together - fill up spaces - provide support and protection - store fat 9  Muscle Tissues: Contract for Movement Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Striated, Voluntary non-striated, Involuntary Striated, Involuntary Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Muscle Muscle Muscle Striated Non- Striated Voluntary striated Involuntary Involuntary 10  Muscle Tissues SKELETAL MUSCLE: SMOOTH MUSCLE: CARDIAC MUSCLE: Striated (alternating Non-striated, Striated, involuntary, light and dark bands) a involuntary control, forms heart muscle. attached to bones, found in walls of used for movement internal organs, Found only in the voluntary control. intestine, stomach, heart. Can contract quickly blood vessels. Can contract quickly, and strongly but will Contracts more slowly, and beats your whole fatigue in time. but can contract over longer period of time. life through. 11  Nervous Tissues: Conduct Electrochemical Messages Specialized tissue that forms nerves, brain, spinal cord Conduct electrical & chemical messages along special cells called neurons. Composed of cell body, dendrites (conduct messages to cell body), axon (send messages away from cell body). Cell Body Axon Synaptic Endings Dendrite Structure of a Neuron (in this case, a motor neuron) 12  What are Glands? Gland: a single cell, or a collection of cells that secrete chemicals. i. Exocrine glands: secrete into ducts. e.g. the gall bladder is an exocrine gland because it secretes bile in a duct. Sweat glands are exocrine glands. ii. Endocrine glands: secrete chemicals (especially hormones) into bloodstream (e.g. pituitary gland, pancreas secretes insulin into the blood). 13  What are Glial Cells? Glial cells are cells that surround nerve cells. They help to support, protect, and nourish nerve cells. They provide nutrients to the neurons and help keep the tissue free of debris. 14  ORGANS: Tissues working together Organs (e.g. the heart) are made up of one or more types of tissues (usually more) 15  ORGANS: Tissues working together SKIN is also an example of an organ. It is the largest organ, and has several tissue layers. Skin covers body surfaces, gives protection from water loss and invasion by microorganisms, contains sense organs, helps to regulate body temperature 16  Human Organ Systems Each located in specific location, with specific functions. (e.g. digestive system). Many internal organ systems enclosed within coelom, a cavity within the body. Organ systems contribute to maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis). e.g. Temp, pH, glucose, blood pressure. 17 18 General Organization of the Circulatory System 19  Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid Respiratory system: O2 Gastrointestinal tract: – Carbohydrates – Fatty acids – Amino acids Liver and other organs Musculoskeletal system 20  Removal of Metabolic End– Products CO2 (by lung) Urea, uric acid, excess water and ions (kidneys) others 21  What is Physiology – definition? The discipline of Physiology investigates how the systems operate at different levels: – System – Organ – Tissue – Cell – Molecule How does these systems integrate to form a fully functional human body? 22