Chapter 1: Positioning and Imaging Terminology PDF

Positioning and Imaging Terminology Chapter 1 A&P Review: General Anatomy Structural Organization Systemic Anatomy Skeletal Anatomy Osteology Adult – 206 bones Axial Skeleton (yellow) 80 bones Appendicular Skeleton (blue) 126 bones Bone Classifications Bone Development Arthrology Joint Classificatio...

Positioning and Imaging Terminology Chapter 1 A&P Review: General Anatomy Structural Organization Systemic Anatomy Skeletal Anatomy Osteology Adult – 206 bones Axial Skeleton (yellow) 80 bones Appendicular Skeleton (blue) 126 bones Bone Classifications Bone Development Arthrology Joint Classification Bone Classification Long Bones Found in limbs Consist of body and two articular ends Examples: femur, humerus, metacarpal Short Bones Consist mainly of cancellous bone Has a thin layer of compact bone Examples: carpals and tarsals Bone Classifications Flat Bones Consists of 2 plates of compact bones Cancellous bone and bone marrow between compact bones Examples: cranial bones, scapula, ribs & sternum Irregular Bones Peculiarly shaped Examples: vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones Bone Type Sesamoid Bones Small and oval shaped Often located near joints Develop inside and beside tendons Examples: patella, palmar aspect of hand/thumb, posterior base of the 1st toe Bone Development - ossification 3 years old General Terms Radiograph Radiography Radiograph vs. x-ray film Radiographer / Radiologic Technologist Radiographic Examination or Procedure – 5 general steps Image Receptor (IR) Central Ray (CR) Radiographic Positioning refers to the study of patient positioning performed for radiographic demonstration or visualization of specific body parts on image receptors (IRs). 5 General Steps to a Radiographic Examination 1. Positioning of body part and alignment with the IR and CR 2. Application of radiation protection – ALARA 3. Selection of exposure factors – kVp & mAs 4. Patient instructions & x-ray exposure 5. Image processing Anatomic Position Patient erect Facing forward Arms extended by side Palms facing forward Heels together Toes pointing forward Viewing Radiographs: Radiographs are usually oriented in anatomic position, with the patient facing you Viewing Radiographs RIGHT LEFT Body Planes Imaginary planes that subdivide the body in reference to anatomic position. Planes are used in radiographic positioning to center a body part to the IR or CR. Body Planes Sagittal planes divide the body into right and left parts Midsagittal planes (MSP) divide the body into equal right and left parts Body Planes Coronal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior parts Midcoronal planes (MCP) divide the body into equal anterior and posterior parts Body Planes Horizontal planes divide the body into superior and inferior portions Oblique planes passes through the body at any angle or slant between the other three plans Body Surfaces & Directional Terms Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal Cephalad/Cephalic Caudad/Caudal Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Surfaces for Hand & Foot Hand Palmar (palm/anterior) Dorsal (back/posterior) For a PA hand projection, the palmar surface of the hand is in contact with the IR. Foot Plantar (sole/posterior) Dorsal (top/anterior) Radiographic Projection, Position, and Method Projection Describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it exits the x-ray tube, passes through the patient to the IR Position Used to describe general or specific body positions. Also refers to the specific placement of the body part in relation to the table or IR. Method Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual Common Projection Terms AP – anterior to posterior True AP, no rotation CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface PA – posterior to anterior True PA, no rotation CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface AP Oblique Part is rotated medially or laterally CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface PA Oblique Part is rotated medially or laterally CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface Lateral Mediolateral projection Patient/part is in the lateral position CR enters the medial surface and exits the lateral surface Lateromedial projection Patient/part is in the lateral position CR enters the lateral surface and exits the medial surface Common Projection Terms AP – anterior to posterior True AP, no rotation CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface PA – posterior to anterior True PA, no rotation CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface PA CXR AP CXR Common Projection Terms AP Oblique Part is rotated medially or laterally CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface PA Oblique Part is rotated medially or laterally CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface Common Projection Terms Lateral Mediolateral projection Patient/part is in the lateral position CR enters the medial surface and exits the lateral surface Lateromedial projection Patient/part is in the lateral position CR enters the lateral surface and exits the medial surface Lateral (Mediolateral) Ankle Lateral (Lateromedial) Wrist General Body Positions Supine – lying on back, facing upward Prone – lying on abdomen Erect – upright, standing or seated Recumbent – lying down in any position Trendelenburg – head lower than the feet Fowler – head higher than the feet Sims – semi-prone, “sleeping position” Lithotomy – supine with knees and hips flexed, thighs abducted and rotated externally Specific Body Positions Lateral – refers to the side of or side view Oblique – angled position Left Posterior Oblique (LPO) Right Posterior Oblique (RPO) Left Anterior Oblique (LAO) Right Anterior Oblique (RAO) Decubitus (decub) RLD LLD Dorsal Decubitus Ventral Decubitus Projection vs. Position Erect Chest Position PA Chest Projection Clinic = PA Erect Chest (CXR) Special Projection Terms Axial Projection Inferosuperior Axial Projection Superoinferior Axial Projection Tangential Projection AP Axial Projection – Lordotic Position Transthoracic Lateral Projection Dorsoplantar Projection Plantodorsal Projection Parietoacantial Projection Ancanthioparietal Projections Submentovertical (SMV) Projection Verticosubmental (VSM) Projections Special Projection Terms Axial Projection Any angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body or body part Projections with a Cephalic Angle - the tube is angled toward the head Projections with Caudal Angle - the tube is angled toward the feet Caudal vs. Cephalic Tube Angle Special Projection Terms Dorsoplantar Projection Describes the path of the CR from the dorsal surface to the plantar surface of the foot. Plantodorsal Projection Describes the path of the CR from the plantar surface to the dorsal surface Movement Terms Video: Easiest Way to Remember Movement Terms Flexion Extension Ulnar Deviation Radial Deviation Dorsiflexion Plantar Flexion Eversion Inversion Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation Abduction Adduction Supination Pronation Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Circumduction Rotation Tilt Bony Markings and Features Processes or Projections - Extended beyond or project out from the main body of a bone Depressions - Hollow of depresses areas Fractures - A break in bone Processes and Projections Condyle – Rounded process at an articular end Coracoid or coronoid – Beaklike or crownlike process Crest – Ridge like process Epicondyle – Projection above a condyle Facet – Small, smooth-surfaced articular process Hamulus – Hook-shaped process Head – Expanded end of a long bone Horn – Hornlike process Processes and Projections Line – Linear elevation; not as prominent as a crest Malleolus – Club-shaped process Protuberance – Projecting prominence Spine – Sharp process Styloid – Long, pointed process Trochanter – Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur Tubercle – Small, rounded, and elevated process Tuberosity – Large, rounded, and elevated process Depressions Fissure – Cleft or deep groove Foramen – Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves Fossa – Pit, fovea, or hollow space Groove – Shallow linear channel Meatus – Tubelike passageway Notch – Indentation in the border of a bone Sinus – Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space Sulcus – Furrow or trench Imaging Terminology Exposure factors Kilovoltage kVp Milliamperage mAs Exposure time Density Contrast Spatial resolution Distortion Compensating filters Grid Voluntary motion Involuntary motion SID Minimum = 40” Maximum = 72” OID Central ray alignment CR angle Collimation Field of View (FOV) Computed radiography (CR) Digital radiography (DR) PACS