Radiographic Techniques for Upper Limbs Lecture 1 PDF

Human body is a complicated structure. Error in radiographic positioning or diagnosis can occur unless radiographer have a common set of rules that are used to describe the body and its movement. anatomical terminology Patient aspect ❑Anterior aspect : when viewing the patient from front...

Human body is a complicated structure. Error in radiographic positioning or diagnosis can occur unless radiographer have a common set of rules that are used to describe the body and its movement. anatomical terminology Patient aspect ❑Anterior aspect : when viewing the patient from front ❑Posterior aspect : when viewing the patient from back ❑Lateral aspect : refer to any view of the patient from the side , the side of the head would therefore be the lateral aspect of the cranium. ❑Medial aspect : refer to the side of the body part closer to the mid line , e.g. the inner side of the limb is the medial aspect of that limb. anatomical terminology Patient aspect ❑Superior aspect : toward the head ❑Inferior aspect : toward the foot patient aspect patient aspect plans of the body ❑Three planes of the body are used for descriptions of positioning both in plain-film imaging and in cross- sectional imaging techniques. ❑The planes described at right angles to each other: plans of the body ❑ Median sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left halves. ❑ Any plane that is parallel to this but divides the body into unequal right and left portions is known simply as a sagittal plane or para sagittal plane. plans of the body ❑ Coronal plane: divides the body into an anterior part and a posterior part. ❑Transverse or axial plane: divides the body into a superior part and an inferior part.  plans of the body Positioning Terminology how the patient is positioned for the various radiographic projections ❑ Erect: the projection is taken with the patient sitting or standing. In the erect position, the patient may be standing or sitting: ❑posterior aspect against the image detector ❑anterior aspect against the image detector. ❑right or left side against the image detector Positioning Terminology Positioning Terminology ❑Decubitus: the patient is lying down. ❑ In the decubitus position, the patient may be lying in any of the following positions: ❑ Supine (dorsal decubitus): lying on the back. ❑ Prone (ventral decubitus): lying face-down. Positioning Terminology Positioning Terminology ❑Lateral decubitus: lying on the side. Right lateral decubitus - lying on the right side. Left lateral decubitus - lying on the left side. ❑Semi-recumbent: part way between supine and sitting erect, with the posterior aspect of the trunk against the image detector. Positioning Terminology Definition ❑Extension: when the angle of the joint increases. ❑Flexion: when the angle of the joint decreases. ❑Abduction: refers to a movement away from the midline. ❑Adduction: refers to a movement towards the midline. Definition ❑Rotation: movement of the body part around its own axis. medial (internal) rotation towards the midline, or lateral (external) rotation away from the midline. ❑Pronation: movement of the hand and forearm in which the palm is moved from facing anteriorly (as per anatomical position) to posteriorly. ❑Supination is the reverse of above ❑Other movement terms applied to specific body parts. Projection terminology A projection is described by the direction of the central ray relative to aspects and planes of the body. Projection terminology ❑Antero-posterior ❑The central ray is incident on the anterior aspect, passes along or parallel to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the posterior aspect of the body. Projection terminology ❑Postero-anterior ❑The central ray is incident on the posterior aspect, passes along or parallel to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the anterior aspect of the body. Projection terminology – lateral ❑The central ray passes from one side of the body to the other along a coronal and transverse plane. ❑ The projection is called a right lateral if the central ray enters the body on the left side and passes through to the image receptor positioned on the right side. ❑A left lateral is achieved if the central ray enters the body on the right side and passes through to the image receptor, which will be positioned parallel to the median sagittal plane on the left side of the body. Projection terminology – lateral ❑In the case of a limb ❑ the central ray either is incident on the lateral aspect and emerges from the medial aspect (latero-medial), or is incident on the medial aspect and emerges from the lateral aspect of the limb (medio-lateral). The terms ‘latero- medial’ and ‘medio-lateral’ are used where necessary to differentiate between the two projections. Projection terminology – lateral Beam angulation  Radiographic projections are often modified by directing the central ray at some angle to a transverse plane, i.e. either caudally (angled towards the feet) or cranially/cephalic angulation (angled towards the head).  The projection is then described as, for example, a lateral 20-degree caudad or a lateral 15-degree cephalad. antero-posterior 30 degrees caudad Position Oblique  The central ray passes through the body along a transverse plane at some angle between the median sagittal and coronal planes. For this projection, the patient is usually positioned with the median sagittal plane at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette, with the central ray at right-angles to the cassette. If the patient is positioned with the median sagittal plane at right-angles to or parallel to the cassette, then the projection is obtained by directing the central ray at some angle to the median sagittal plane. Anterior Oblique Posterior Oblique  The central ray enters the anterior aspect, passes along a transverse plane at some angle to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the posterior aspect. Again, the projection is described by the side of the torso closest to the cassette. The diagram below shows a left posterior oblique. Posterior Oblique Oblique using beam angulation  When the median sagittal plane is at right-angles to the cassette, right and left anterior or posterior oblique projections may be obtained by angling the central ray to the median sagittal plane. (NB: this cannot be done if using a grid, unless the grid lines are parallel to the central ray.) Oblique using beam angulation Lateral oblique  The central ray enters one lateral aspect, passes along a transverse plane at an angle to the coronal plane, and emerges from the opposite lateral aspect. Lateral oblique