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/fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ -g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqLkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)&^.&.!* df :jLs[t_ g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f+}  ljifo ;"rL qm=;+= zLif{s k[i7 ;ª\Vof !=...

/fli6«o lzIff gLlt, @)&^ -g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqLkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)&^.&.!* df :jLs[t_ g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f+}  ljifo ;"rL qm=;+= zLif{s k[i7 ;ª\Vof != k[i7e"ld ! @= ljutsf k|of; @ #= jt{dfg cj:yf # $= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL $ %= lzIff gLltsf] cfjZostf % ^= b"/b[li6 ^ &= nIo ^ *= p2]Zo ^ (= /0fgLlt * !)= gLlt tyf sfo{gLlt !@ !!= gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L &@ !@= ;+:yfut Joj:yf && !#= cfly{s kIf && !$= sfg'gL Joj:yf &* !%= cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg &( !^= hf]lvd tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f *) !&= vf/]hL / arfp *! != k[i7e"ld b]z ljsf;sf lglDt lzIff k"jf{wf/sf] klg k"jf{wf/ dflgG5. lzIffn] JolQmsf] ;af{ËL0f ljsf; u/L c;n of]Uo, ;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{ / pTkfbgd"ns hgzlQm tof/ ub{5. /fi6«sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu To:tf] hgzlQmsf] of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5. b]zdf lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] nflu lzIffn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5. æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆ xfd|f] /fli6«o cfsfª\Iff / c7f]6 xf]. ;Lkd"ns, j}1flgs, Jofjxfl/s Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;d[4 g]kfnsf] cfwf/zLnf xf]. d'n'ssf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ lzIff g} ePsfn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf ;a} gful/ssf] ;dtfd"ns / Gofof]lrt kx"Fr :yflkt ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf]. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #! df lzIff ;DaGwL xs pNn]lvt 5. pQm wf/fn] k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx"Frsf] xs x'g], k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg], ckfËtf ePsf / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd lgMz'Ns pRr lzIff kfpg], g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljBfno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] xs x'g] h:tf lzIff ;DaGwL df}lns xssf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5. of] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'b[9 /fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; h?/L ePsf] 5. d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0f tyf k|fyldstf :ki6 ?kdf lgwf{/0f ug{ nIo, p2]Zo, gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df ul/G5. /fi6«sf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0f / sfo{lbzf lzIff gLltdfkm{t k|ltljlDat x'g] ub{5. s'g} klg b]zsf] lzIff gLltn] cfˆgf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] x'G5. o;} 1 kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cg'¿k lzIff If]qsf] dfu{bz{s gLltsf ?kdf of] /fli6«o lzIff gLlt @)&^ th'{df u/]sf] xf]. @= ljutsf k|of; g]kfn ;/sf/n] lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnFb} /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf;lxt ljleGg gLltut, ;+/rgfut, ;+:yfut / Jojxfl/s k|of;x¿ cl3 a9fPsf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf, lbuf] ljsf; nIo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf / aflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{j|md dfkm{t cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ;ª\sNk k"/f ug{ lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf] ?kdf cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df lzIff ;DaGwdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/L ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg ljleGg sfnv08df lzIff cfof]u tyf ;ldltx¿ u7g eO{ To:tf cfof]u tyf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIff ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\. ljutdf sfof{Gjog ePsf ;a}sf nflu lzIff, cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{j|md, ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo, ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf, ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf, lbuf] ljsf; nIo nufotsf ljleGg of]hgf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿n] g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] alnof] cfwf/lznf v8f u/]sf 5g\. ;fIf/tf, lgMz'Ns lzIff, ;a}sf nflu lzIff, lzIffsf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/, lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/, kf7\oj|mddf ;'wf/, lzIffdf ;dfj]lztf, ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIff h:tf sfo{j|mdx¿dfkm{t lzIff If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljutdf gLltut Pj+ ;+:yfut k|of; ePsf lyP. To;}u/L lzIffsf pkIf]qut gLltx¿ h:t}M cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, ljz]if lzIff gLlt, pRr lzIff gLlt, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd gLlt, ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOP. log} 2 ;+:yfut tyf gLltut k|of;x¿sf] hudf cfwfl/t /xL g]kfnsf] lzIffdf ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g cfjZos ePsf] 5. #= jt{dfg cj:yf g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf ljutdf ePsf nufgL / z}lIfs k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;af6 pNn]vgLo pknlAwx¿ k|fKt x'g yfn]sf 5g\. k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf s"n egf{b/ *$=& k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5. k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] cg'ej ;lxt sIff ! df egf{ x'g] afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt ^^=( k'u]sf] 5. k|fylds tx -sIff ! b]lv %_, cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ! b]lv *_ / dfWolds tx -sIff ( b]lv !@_ sf] v'b egf{b/ j|mdzM (^=( k|ltzt, (@=& k|ltzt / $^=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5. sIff % / sIff * ;Ddsf] l6sfp b/ j|mdzM *(=^ k|ltzt / &&=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5. cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds txdf &@ nfv !$ xhf/ %@% ljBfyL{ egf{ eO{ cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\. k|f/lDes afn ljsf; tyf lzIffdf ( nfv &$ xhf/ afnaflnsf cWoog/t 5g\. n}ª\lus ;dtf ;"rsfª\s cfwf/e"t tx / dfWolds txdf j|mdzM )=(* / !=)! /x]sf] 5. ljBfno bf]xf]/\ofpg] b/ cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–%_ df #=* k|ltzt / cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ df $=$ k|ltzt tyf dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ df #=& k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5. d'n'se/ ;fj{hlgs / lghL nufgLsf u/L #%,)%% j6f ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\. lzIffdf kx"Fr a9fpg j}slNks tyf v'nf lzIffsf cj;/x¿ pknAw 5g\. cleefjssf] nufgL kl/rfng u/L lghL If]qn] g]kfnsf] ljBfno lzIffdf sl/a @# k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ul//x]sf] l:ylt 5. lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf !% aif{dflysf] hg;+Vofsf] ;fIf/tf %* k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg] cf=a= @)&$÷&% df !% b]lv @$ aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5. xfn;Dd %! lhNnfx¿ ;fIf/ lhNnf 3f]if0ff e};s]sf 5g\. lj=;+= @)&^ nfO{ æ;fIf/ g]kfn aif{Æ sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5. cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf cfhLjg l;sfOsf] 3 cj;/ lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu @!%! j6f ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\. pRr lzIffdf ;xh} b]lvg] egf{b/ sl/a !% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5. g]kfndf !! j6f ljZjljBfno / ^ j6f :jf:Yo lj1fg ;DaGwL k|lti7fgx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\. dbg e08f/L lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljZjljBfno / of]udfof cfo'j]{b ljZjljBfno :yfkgf x'g] j|mddf 5g\. k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ cGtu{t xfn;Dd $% j6f ax'÷k|fljlws lzIffno, #(& j6f k|fljlws lzIff k|bfos ;fd'bflos ljBfno / $@( j6f lghL nufgLsf k|fljlws lzIffno ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\. To;}u/L dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!@_ sf $#$ j6f ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff sfo{j|md ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5. clxn] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof !#)% k'u]sf] 5. $= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] xfl;n u/]sf oL pknAwLsf] afah'b yk gofF r'gf}tL / ;d:of xfd|f ;fd' ljBdfg 5g\. g]kfnsf] lzIffdf d'ntM k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{j|mddf k|efjsfl/tf sd x'g', afnljsf;sf lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtf / ;'ljwf Go"g x'g', cfwf/e"t ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿ cem} ljBfno egf{ e} g;Sg', ljBfno egf{ ePsf dWo] ;a} ljBfyL{ cWoogdf lg/Gt/ gx'g', dfWolds lzIff k"0f{ ¿kdf lgMz'Ns x'g g;Sg', lzIff / /f]huf/LaLr tfnd]n x'g g;Sg', lzlIft a]/f]huf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} hfg', ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno aflx/} /lx/xg', z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod x'g g;Sg', pRr lzIff k|lt:kwL{, pTkfbgd'vL / cg';Gwfgd"ns x'g g;Sg', lzIffdf kof{Kt nufgL gx'g', lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ck]lIft ¿kdf Go"g x'g', lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lzIff / k|fljlws lzIffsf] kx"Fr lj:tf/ kof{Kt dfqfdf 4 x'g g;Sg', ;]jfk|jfx k|0ffnL hgd}qL gx'g', lzIf0f k|lj|mof clws k/LIffd'vL x'g', lzIfssf] k];fut ;Ifdtf, g}ltstf / pTk|]/0ffdf sdL x'g', ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ckgTj l;h{gf x'g g;Sg', lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿ ;]jfeGbf gfkmfpGd'v x'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] ef]lu/x]sf k|d'v ;jfn x'g\. ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ug'{, z}lIfs ;'wf/sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ckgTj l;h{gf ug'{, ;a} txsf] lzIffdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug'{, lzIfs tyf lzIffIf]qsf] hgzlStdf k];fut hjfkmb]xLtf ;'lglZrt ug'{, lzIff k|0ffnLdf z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod ug'{, ljBfno g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf ;anLs/0f ug'{, lzIff / /f]huf/LaLr tfnd]n sfod ug'{, k|ltef knfog /f]Sg', ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf ;a} gful/ssf] ljZjf; hufpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ / ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ lzIff If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\. %= lzIff gLltsf] cfjZostf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf lzIff ;DaGwL df}lns xs, /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF6, d'n'ssf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf Ph]08f, lbuf] ljsf; nIok|lt g]kfnsf] k|lta4tf, kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, ;g\ @)@@ leq clt sd ljsl;taf6 ljsf;zLn /fi6« aGg] nIo tyf ;g\ @)#) ;Dd dWod cfo ePsf] /fi6«sf ¿kdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ /fli6«o ;ª\sNk g} gofF lzIff gLlt th'{dfsf d"n cfwf/ x'g\. lzIff k|fKt ug]{ k|To]s JolStsf] cfwf/e"t df}lns xsnfO{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] dfGotf cg'?k lzIffdf ;a}sf] ;/n, ;xh / ;dtfd"ns kx"Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ Pj+ lzIffnfO{ ;j{JofkL, hLjgf]kof]uL, k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ u'0f:t/o'St agfpg of] gofF lzIff gLlt cfjZos k/]sf] xf]. 5 ;+3Lo 9fFrf cg'¿k ;/sf/sf tLg j6} txdf lzIff k|zf;g k|efjsf/L Pj+ glthfd"ns 9+un] ;~rfng u/L hgtfsf] lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;dofg's'n lzIff gLltsf] h?/t k/]sf] xf]. To;}u/L 5l/P/ /x]sf lzIff If]qsf gLltx¿nfO{ Plss[t / ;+lxtfa4 u/L Plss[t /fli6«o lzIff gLltsf] vfFrf] k"/f ug]{ Wo]on] of] /fli6«o lzIff gLlt th'{df ug'{ k/]sf] xf]. ^= b"/b[li6 ælzlIft, ;Eo, :j:y / ;Ifd hgzlQmÙ ;fdflhs Gofo, ?kfGt/0f / ;d[l4Æ &= nIo ;a} txsf] lzIffnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, k|ljlwd}qL, /f]huf/d"ns / pTkfbgd'vL agfO{ b]zsf] cfjZostf cg'?ksf] dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ug]{. *= p2]Zo 8=1= afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;df s]lGb|t k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg'. 8=2= cfwf/e"t lzIffdf ;a}sf] ;xh Pj+ ;dtfd"ns kx"Fr / lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;j{JofkL, hLjgf]kof]uL, k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ u'0f:t/o'Qm clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{. 8=3= u'0f:t/Lo dfWolds lzIffdf ;a}sf] lgMz'Ns kx"Fr ;'lglZrt ub}{ l;h{glzntf, /rgfTdstf, cWoogzLntf, ;sf/fTds lrGtg / ;bfrf/ h:tf u'0f ;lxtsf] k|lt:kwL{, ;Lko'Qm Pj+ pTkfbgzLn hgzlQm tof/ ug'{. 6 8=4= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf cj;/x¿nfO{ Jofks lj:tf/ u/L ;a} OR5's gful/sx¿sf nflu ;dfj]zL Pj+ ;dtfd"ns kx"Fr :yflkt ub}{ b]z ljsf;sf nflu of]Uo, ;Ifd, ;Lko'Qm / pBdzLn hgzlQm tof/ kfg'{. 8=5= 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh / cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf nflu pRr lzIffsf] kx"Fr / u'0f:t/ clea[l4 u/L ljleGg If]qx¿df ;Ifd g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] of]Uo, bIf, a}1flgs, gjk|jt{gfTds, cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwL{ / cg';Gwfgd'vL dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ug'{. 8=6= g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ ;fIf/ d'n's t'NofO{ cgf}krfl/s, j}slNks, k/Dk/fut / v'nf lzIffsf dfWodaf6 cfhLjg l;sfO ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{. 8=7= ;a} k|sf/sf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L hLjgko{Gt lzIffsf dfWodaf6 dof{lbt hLjg ofkg ug{ ;Ifd / k|lt:kwL{ gful/s tof/ kfg'{. 8=8= lzIff k|0ffnLsf ljleGg cjojx¿df /x]/ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ pTs[i6 glthf k|bz{g ug{ pgLx¿sf] k];fut of]Uotf, ;Ifdtf, OdfGbfl/tf, k|lta4tf / hjfkmb]xLtf ;'lglZrt ub}{ z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod ug'{. 8=9= ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL z}lIfs If]qsf ljBdfg c;n cEof; (Best Practices) nfO{ ;lDdng (Fusion) ub}{ lghL nufgLsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng, lgodg Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lj|mofdf ;jnLs/0f ug'{. 8=10= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej tyf cEof; ;d]tsf cfwf/df z}lIfs u'0f:t/ dfgs tyf dfkb08 tof/ u/L ;a} tx / k|sf/sf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ug'{. 7  8=11= cf}krfl/s (Formal), cgf}krfl/s (Non‐formal) / c/Llts (Informal) lzIffaLr cGt/;DaGw :yflkt u/L of]Uotfsf] ;dsIftf (Equivalency), ultlzntf (Mobility) / kf/uDotf (Permeability) ;'lglZrt ub}{ /fli6«o of]Uotf k|f?kdf cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{. 8=12= lzIff k|flKtsf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL bfloTj k"/f ug{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df kof{Kttf (Sufficiency), ;dGoflostf (Equitability) / k|ltkmnd'vL (Best Value for Money) x'g] u/L z}lIfs nufgL ;'lglZrt ug'{. 8=13= JolQmdf j}1flgs lrGtg / Jojxf/ ljsf; ug{ lj1fg tyf k|ljlwnfO{ lzIff k|0ffnLdf Plss/0f ub}{ k/Dk/fut Pj+ cfw'lgs k|ljlwnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{. (= /0fgLlt 9=1= pko'Qm k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] afnd}qL jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] cj;/ lj:tf/ ug]{. -*=!_ 9=2= tLg} txsf ;/sf/ / cleefjssf] ;fem]bf/Ldf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; Pj+ ljBfno lzIffsf] k"j{tof/Lsf nflu sDtLdf Ps aif{sf] k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{. -*=!_ 9=3= clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno egf{ u/fpg] Pj+ egf{ ePsf ;a}nfO{ cWoogdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] / u'0f:t/ clea[l4sf nflu pTk|]/0ffd"ns pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{. -*=@_ 9=4= ;fGble{s Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx"Fr ;'lglZrttf ug{ cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, a}slNks / v'nf lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug]{. -*=@ / *=#_ 8 9=5= dfWolds lzIffdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q / ;xsf/L ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{. -*=#_ 9=6= :jfoQtf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;fem]bf/L, nlrnf]kgf / ;/n lgodg Joj:yf ub}{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnddf Jofks ;xeflutfsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{. -*=$_ 9=7= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf] If]qdf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf Pj+ ;fem]bf/Ldf lbuf] nufgL ;'lglZrt ug]{. -*=$_ 9=8= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnddf lk5l8Psf ju{, If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g ljz]if ;x'lnot lbg] gLlt clVtof/ ug]{. -*=$_ 9=9= /fli6«o, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo >d ahf/sf] cfjZostf Pj+ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df of]Uotf / Ifdtf cg';f/ ;fGble{s, pkof]uL, u'0f:t/Lo / k|lt:kwL{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ ;a}nfO{ k|bfg ug]{. -*=$_ 9=10= ljZj;gLotf Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g] u/L v'nf Pj+ b"/ lzIff dfkm{t pRr lzIffdf kx"Fr clea[l4 ug]{. -*=%_ 9=11= pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng, lgodg / Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] k'gM ;+/rgf ug]{. -*=%_ 9=12= pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ clea[l4 u/L pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf / k|rng cg'?k x'g] u/L ;fGble{s agfpg]. -*=%_ 9=13= ljZjljBfno tyf pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos / lghL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox¿dWo] OR5's 9  ljZjljBfnonfO{ k|b]z;Fu ;dGjo u/L k|fb]lzs ljZjljBfnosf ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{. -*=%_ 9=14= ;fIf/tf, cgf}krfl/s lzIff / cfhLjg l;sfOnfO{ k];f Pj+ Joj;fo, ;fdflhs hLjg / ;xeflutf;Fu cfj4 ug]{. -*=^_ 9=15= k/Dk/fut lzIffsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f Pj+ j}slNks / v'nf lzIffsf] cj;/ lj:tf/ u/L ljBfno lzIffdf kx"Fr clea[l4 ug]{. -*=^_ 9=16= ef}lts k"jf{wf/, kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|L, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ckfËd}qL agfpg]. -*=&_ 9=17= ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ljz]if lzIff / ;dfj]zL lzIffsf dfWodaf6 pko'Qm z}lIfs cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg]. -*=&_ 9=18= bIf, of]Uo, ;Ifd, u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg u/L lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f, cg';Gwfg, gjk|jt{g, z}lIfs k|zf;g h:tf kIfdf pTs[i6 glthf xfl;n ug]{. -*=*_ 9=19= ljBfno lzIff, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / pRr lzIffdf cWofkg jf k|lzIf0f ug]{ hgzlQmsf] ;Ifdtf k/LIf0f / tflndnfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{. xfn sfo{/t lzIfssf] ;Ifdtf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf u/L k];fut ;Ifdtf, cBfjlwstf, pTk|]/0ff, sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ / cg'ej h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ lzIfssf] a[lQ ljsf;;Fu cfj4 ug]{. -*=*_ 9=20= ljBfnodf ljifout lzIfssf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{sf ;fy} lzIfssf] tof/L, k|flKt, ljsf; / pkof]u k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ug]{. -*=*_ 9=21= ljZjljBfnoaf6 pTs[i6 glthf k|fKt u/]sf d]wfjL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf cfslif{t ug]{. -*=*_ 10 9=22= tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf z}lIfs ;]jfk|bfos ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k'gM;+/rgf, ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;jnLs/0f u/L bIftfk"0f{, k|efjsf/L / glthfd"ns agfpg]. -*=*_ 9=23= ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno / pRr lzIff k|bfos ;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos tyf lghL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] gS;fª\sg, ;dfof]hg / :t/f]Gglt ug]{. -*=*_ 9=24= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|lalwnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofsf] cleGg cËsf ¿kdf Plss[t ub}{ k|ljlwd}qL, Jofjxfl/s / glthfd"ns agfpg]. ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo :t/df cgnfOgdf cfwfl/t PsLs[t z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Integrated Educational Management Information System- IEMIS) sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{. -*=*_ 9=25= ckgTjsf] l;h{gf, g]t[Tjsf] ;anLs/0f, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/, k]zfut g}ltstfsf] k|j4{g, nufgL clej[l4 / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]uåf/f ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ug]{. -*=(_ 9=26= ljBfno lzIfftkm{ sDkgLsf] ?kdf ;~rflnt lghL nufgLsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{. -*=(_ 9=27= z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clea[l4sf nflu lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] Joj:yf ug]{. -*=!)_ 9=28= /fli6«o of]Uotf k|f¿k -National Qualification Framework- NQF_ sf cfwf/df j|m]l86 Aoflͪ / j|m]l86 6«fG;km/sf] k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{. -*=!!_ 9=29= cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ?kdf k|fKt u/]sf] ;Lksf] k/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg]. -*=!!_ 9=30= ljBfno tyf pRr lzIffdf tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] nufgL a[l4 ug]{. -*=!@_ 11  9=31= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] nufgL j|mdzM a[l4 ub}{ hfg] / o; If]qdf nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{. -*=!@_ 9=32= lj1fgnfO{ lzIff / lzIffnfO{ lj1fgdf cfwfl/t agfO{ j}1flgs cWoog / lrGtg dgg\ ug]{ k|j[lQ Pjd\ Jojxf/sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]. -*=!#_ 9=33= ;a} txsf] lzIffdf lj1fg, k|ljlw, OlGhlgol/ª / ul0ft lzIff (STEM-Education) nfO{ kf7\oj|mdsf] cleGg cË agfOg]. -*=!#_ !)= gLlt tyf sfo{gLlt lzIffsf] b"/b[li6, nIo, p2]Zo / /0fgLltx¿sf] kl/lwleq /xL b]xfoadf]lhdsf gLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿ cjnDag ul/g] 5. o; gLlt b:tfj]hdf /x]sf sltko ;fGble{s ljifox¿ k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 klg sfof{Gjog x'g]5g\ eg] k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ of] gLlt k|lts"n gx'g] u/L cfˆg} /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt / sfo{j|md th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5g\. -s_ k|f/lDes afnljsf; tyf lzIff gLlt !)=! g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] zt{ tyf dfkb08 kfngf ug]{ u/L :yfgLo txsf] cg'dlt jf :jLs[ltdf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos jf lghL nufgLdf afnd}qL tyf k"jf{wf/o'Qm k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIff / afnljsf; tyf :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg u/L afnljsf; sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{. 10=1=1= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIff / afnljsf; tyf :ofxf/ s]Gb|x¿df afnaflnsfsf ;'/Iff, kf]if0f, v]n -;fdu|L / :yfg_, zog :yn, ejg, sIffsf]7f nufotsf cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/, afn :ofxf/ tyf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug]{ 12  JolQmsf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf ePsf] hgzlQm k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfsf] /fli6«o dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=1=2= tf]lsPsf] dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;a} ljBfnox¿df afnljsf; sIff / ljBfno aflx/ afnljsf; s]Gb| / afnljsf; tyf :ofxf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf] Joj:Yff ldnfOg]5. 10=1=3= :yfgLo tx / ;d'bfosf] ;fem]bf/Ldf :yfgLo txsf] k|To]s j8f jf 6f]ndf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ v]Ng] / dgf]/~hg ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ ;lxtsf] afnpBfg lgdf{0f ul/g]5. 10=1=4= ljBfnodf ;~rfng ul/g] k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIff ljBfnosf] xftfleq 5'§} ef}lts ;+/rgf v8f u/L ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} ljBfno 6f9f ePsf sf/0f afnljsf; sIffsf] kx"FreGbf aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft u/L glhssf] ljBfnosf] ;dGjodf ;d'bfo:t/df j}slNks k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf :yfgLo txaf6} ldnfOg]5. 10=1=5= rf/ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg tyf :yfgLo tx / cleefjsx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf Ps jif]{ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=1=6= b'u{d, lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;d]t kx"Fr ;'lglZrt u/L cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df xfnsf] afnljsf; s]G›x¿sf] gS;fÍg, ;dfof]hg / k'glj{t/0f ul/g]5. 10=1=7= cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg ckfª\utf ePsf, cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg blnt / cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg b'u{d If]qsf afnaflnsfsf 13  nflu lgMz'Ns k|f/lDes afnljsf;sf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5. 10=1=8= kfFr aif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] :ofxf/, kf]if0f / :jf:Yo ljsf;sf nflu cleefjssf] nufgLdf ljBfnoleq jf aflx/ afnljsf; tyf :ofxf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. gLlt !)=@ k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIff / afnljsf; s]Gb|sf lzIfsx¿sf] Go"gtd of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L xfn sfo{/t afnljsf; lzIfsx¿nfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t j[lQ ljsf; / :t/ j[l4sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{. 10=2=1= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIff / afnljsf; s]Gb|sf nflu ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf cfwf/df cfjZos lzIfssf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=2=2= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ lzIfssf] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf dfWolds lzIff k/LIff -sIff bz_ jf ;f] ;/x x'g] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5. 10=2=3= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffdf cWofkg tyf ;xhLs/0f ul//x]sf t/ tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf lzIfsx¿sf] of]Uotf a9fpg lgoldt tyf ljz]if k|lzIf0f sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=2=4= k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIfsnfO{ k|rlnt sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd Go"gtd\ kfl/>lds / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. To:tf lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df k|To]s jif{ d"NofÍg u/L k'/:sf/ / b08 lbg] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5. 14 gLlt !)=# k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIff / afnljsf; s]Gb|df afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; tyf cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] tof/Lsf nflu kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ Joj:yf u/L cleefjssf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf afnljsf; sIffdf u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/ / ultljlwx¿ Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L / afnd}qL agfOg]. 10=3=1= afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf lgldQ cleefjsnfO{ k|]l/t ug{ :yfgLo txsf lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff nufotsf lgsfox¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf cleefjs hfu/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=3=2= Psn dft[efifL sIffdf dft[efiff / ldl>t eflifs ;d"x ePsf sIffdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs dfWoddf l;Sg kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ :yfgLo txn] of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=3=3= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffdf afnaflnsfsf] ;/;kmfO, x]/rfx, vfhf tyf cGo sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=3=4= k|f/lDes afnljsf; sIffdf afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] vfnsf cfjZos ;fdu|L Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=3=5= k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;DaGwdf ;+3Lo txaf6 gLlt tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f / ;dGjo sfod ug{ /fli6«o lzIff kl/ifb\ cGtu{t k|f/lDes afnljsf; ;dGjo ;ldlt / :yfgLo txdf ufpF÷gu/ lzIff ;ldlt dftxt /xg] u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; pk;ldlt u7g u/L kl/rfng ul/g]5. 10=3=6= afnljsf; sIff tyf afnljsf; s]G›x¿sf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fsf nflu txut ;+oGq ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} ;'kl/j]Ifssf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5. 15 -v_ clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff gLlt !)=$= ;a}sf nflu clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ kx"Fr / ;xeflutf, ;+:yfut Ifdtf / u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{. 10=4=1 ljBfno / :yfgLo txsf] ;xsfo{df z}lIfs ;qsf] cf/Dedf lawfyL{ egf{ cleofg ;~rfng u/L cfwf/e"t ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno NofO{ clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] Aoa:yf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5. 10=4=2 cfwf/e"t ljBfnodf pd]/ ;d"xsf cfˆgf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno egf{ gu/fPdf sfg"g adf]lhd bl08t x'g] tYo cleefjsx¿nfO{ af]w u/fpg cled'vLs/0f sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=4=3 ;fdfGotof cfwf/e"t txsf afnaflnsfn] cfwf 306fsf] b'/LeGbf a9L lx+8\g' gkg]{ u/L ljBfnosf] gSzfª\sg, ;dfof]hg / ldnfg ul/g]5. ;f] eGbf a9L b'/Ldf /x]sf / ljBfno vf]Ng ;Dej gePsf :yfgsf afnaflnsfsf nflu cfaf; jf oftfoft ;'ljwfsf] qmdzM Joj:yf ub}{ nlug]5. 10=4=4 clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] ;xL ?kdf sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] Plsg ug{ tLg} txsf ;/sf/af6 :ynut ?kdf clgjfo{ cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. gLlt !)=% ljBfno ;]jfIf]q ;DaGwL dfkb08 tyf sfo{ljlw tof/ kf/L ;f]sf cfwf/df ;a} k|sf/sf cfwf/e"t laBfnox¿nfO{ ;]jfIf]q -School Zone_ sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k Aoal:yt ug]{. 16  10=5=1 ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] lzIff x]g]{ dGqfnoaf6 lglb{i6 ul/Psf] ljBfno ;]jf If]q lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/, lgwf{l/t dfkb08 / dfgs cg';f/ :yfgLo txn] ljBfno ;]jfIf]qsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5. 10=5=2 ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ glhssf] ljBfnodf cWoog ug{ k|]l/t ul/g]5. gLlt !)=^ cfwf/e"t ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno egf{ u/fO{ cWoog lg/Gt/tfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]. 10=6=1 ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno leq Nofpg tyf cWoogdf lg/Gt/tfsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ hg;xeflutf ;lxtsf] sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=6=2 :yfgLo txaf6 cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] pd]/ ;d"xsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno egf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{ clgjfo{ lzIff ;'lglZrt ePsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5. 10=6=3 clgjfo{ tyf lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Ifd ePsf ufpF jf gu/ kflnsfx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6L ;+:yfkg ul/g]5. 10=6=4 clgjfo{ lzIffsf dfkb08 tyf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] k|flKt eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cfjlws ?kdf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=6=5 :yfgLo txsf] g]t[Tjdf ljBfyL{ lbjf vfhf sfo{j|mdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg'sf ;fy} cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lj:tf/ ul/g]5. 10=6=6 cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg blnt, ljkGg hghflt, ljkGg ;LdfGts[t, ljkGg åGåkLl8t tyf sl7g kl/l:yltdf 17  /x]sf cleefjssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cj;/ nfut (Opportunity Cost) nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L 5fqj[lQ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. gLlt !)=& cfwf/e"t lzIffdf cfjZos hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, ef}lts Pj+ z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ Joj:yf / lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ u/L u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ug]{. 10=7=1 d'n'se/ ;~rfngdf /x]sf cfwf/e"t ljBfnox¿nfO{ ljBfnox¿sf] cjl:ylt, hg;+Vof ljt/0f, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / ;fdflhs Gofo x]/L gSzf+sgsf cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ul/g]5. 10=7=2 ;a} cfwf/e"t ljBfnox¿df ejg, sIffsf]7f, kmlg{r/, k|of]uzfnf, zf}rfno, kfgL, k':tsfno, a's sg{/ h:tf ef}lts tyf z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ k"/f ul/g]5. 10=7=3 afnaflnsfnfO{ cWoogsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu lbjf vfhf Joj:yf nufotsf ljleGg k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ub}{ afns]lGb|t lzIf0f, afnd}qL z}Ifl0fs jftfj/0f, lzIfs ljBfyL{ljr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw ljsf;, l;sfOd'vL lzIf0f k4lt, ;'/lIft sIffsf]7f, ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ h:tf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ul/g]5. gLlt !)=* g]kfnsf] eflifs ljljwtf, afnaflnsfsf] ?lr / cfjZostf cg';f/ dft[efiffsf] cltl/Qm dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff, g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiffsf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{. 18 10=8=1= cfwf/e"t txdf clgjfo{ g]kfnL efiffsf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljBfyL{sf] dft[efiffnfO{ k9fOsf] dfWod agfOg]5. ;fy} ul0ft / lj1fg ljifonfO{ cª\u|]hL efiffdf klg cWofkg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=8=2= dft[efiffsf kf7\o;fdu|L, lzIf0f ;fdu|L tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ -ljB'tLo ;fdu|Lx¿ ;d]t_ tof/ ug{ k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf lj1x¿ kl/rfng u/L lgdf{0f, 5kfO, ljt/0f, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ul/g]5. 10=8=3= :yfgLo txåf/f cfˆgf] :yfgsf] dft[efiff, lnlk, ;flxTo Pj+ ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f, ljsf; u/L ;f] efiffsf] k7gkf7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=8=4= g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0fnfO{ k|a4{g ub}{ g]kfnL df}lns snf, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs cWoog ;DaGwL ljifo g]kfnL efiffdf k7gkf7g ul/g]5 t/ ax'efifL sIffsf]7fdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'efifL lzIf0f k4ltnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5. 10=8=5= ul0ft, c+u|]hL efiff, ;fdflhs, Jofj;flos tyf :jfjnDagsf ljifox¿df klg :yfgLos/0f u/L lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;DalGwt :yfgLo tx tyf ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;f]sf] nflu ;Ifd agfOg]5. 10=8=6= dft[efiffsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ ljBfno:t/Lo kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|Ldf dft[efiffnfO{ plrt :yfg lbOg]5. 10=8=7= g]kfnsf dft[efiffdf ;~rf/ ;fdu|L jf >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L jf z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljsf; ug{ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 19 -u_ dfWolds lzIff gLlt !)=( dfWolds lzIffsf] ;+/rgfut PsLs/0f u/L ljljlws[t ljBfnox¿sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{. 10=9=1= sIff !! / !@ nfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] cleGg cËsf ¿kdf Plss[t ug{ xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf z"Go hf]8 b'O{ -)±@_ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlwleq dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!@_ jf cfwf/e"t;lxtsf] dfWolds lzIff -sIff !–!@_ ;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{ jf pRr lzIffsf] dfq sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=9=2= lj1fg, ;+uLt, v]ns'b, cfo'j]{b, hl8a'6L nufot ljleGg ljwfsf ljlzli6s[t dfWolds ljBfno :yfkgf, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/g]5. 10=9=3= ljz]if k|of]hgsf nflu ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿ h:t} ;}lgs ljBfno, k|x/L ljBfno, ;fem]bf/L ljBfno, k|lti7fgaf6 ;~rflnt ljBfno, ;xsf/L ljBfno u}/;/sf/L ljBfno cflbsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;dGjo u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5. To:tf ljBfnon] ;d]t clgjfo{ ?kdf lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnodf k|ltj]bg a'emfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=9=4= dfWolds txsf sIffx¿df cª\u|]hL jf g]kfnL jf b'a} efiffsf dfWodaf6 k7gkf7g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. gLlt !)=!) dfWolds lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} ljBfyL{sf] ?lr / ;dfhsf] cfjZostf cg'?k dfWolds lzIffdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{. 20  10=10=1 dfWolds lzIff k|fKt ug{ rfxg] ;a}sf nflu lgMz'Ns dfWolds lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ pko'Qm sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=10=2 dfWolds lzIff cGtu{t sIff gf} / bzdf :j]lR5s ?kdf Jofj;flos lzIff lng kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} dfWolds lzIff cGtu{t bz sIff k"/f ul/;s]kl5 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=10=3 dfWolds ljBfnodf ef}lts tyf z}lIfs k"jf{wf/, k7gkf7g k|lj|mof, l;sfO jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ u/L u'0f:t/ clea[l4 ul/g]5. 10=10=4 dfWolds lzIffdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIffsf] cj;/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;'ljwf;DkGg /fli6«o lj1fg ljBfno ;~rfng ul/g]5. -3_ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd gLlt !)=!! ;ª\3Lo txdf :yfkgf x'g] /fli6«o k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd kl/ifb\dfkm{t k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff ;~rfng, cg';Gwfg, gjk|jt{g / pBdzLntf ljsf; h:tf sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L bIf k|fljlws hgzlSt pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg]. 10=11=1 >d ahf/sf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;Lk gS;fÍg u/L tf]lsPsf] dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;a} :yfgLo txdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5. o; sfo{df d'gfkmf glng] lghL / ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL u/fOg]5. 10=11=2 k|fljlws lzIffno jf ljBfnodf :yfgLo ljz]iftf, cfjZostf / ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ 21  dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;lsg] ljwfsf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff -l8Knf]df tx ;Dd_ sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=11=3 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ;a} ljifo, If]q / sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]l6g] u/L k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=11=4 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu qm]l86 6«fG;km/ tyf qm]l86 a}ª\lsª\sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ul/g]5. 10=11=5 ;‹Lo sfg'g;Fu cg's"n x'g] u/L k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk lasf; ;DaGwL sfg'g agfO{ cfˆgf] k|b]zleq sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 / To;/L ;~rflnt sfo{j|mdx¿sf] glhsaf6 Joj:yfkg, cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f :yfgLo txaf6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=11=6 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] If]qdf cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbgsf nflu ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5. gLlt !)=!@ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf] If]qdf ;+:yfut lj:tf/ u/L ;Lk ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} ?lr /fVg] ;a}sf nflu k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff tyf ;Lk ljsf; cj;/ pknAw u/fpg]. 10=12=1= ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?rLsf] cfwf/df ;a}nfO{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5. o;sf nflu b]z ljsf;sf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ ljwfsf hgzlQm pTkfbg 22  x'g] u/L gofF ;+:yfx¿ gofF ljwfsf ;Lk ljsf;df s]lGb|t ul/g]5. 10=12=2= k|To]s k|b]zdf slDtdf Pp6f k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;sf ljifout k|of]uzfnf ;lxtsf cg';Gwfgzfnfx¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5. 10=12=3= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / ;Lk ljsf;af6 k|lzlIft dlxnf, o'jf, cNk;Î\os, nf]kf]Gd'v, lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo, hghfltx¿nfO{ lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug'{sf ;fy} j[lQ ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5. 10=12=4= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu lgMz'Ns cj;/ jf ;x'lnot Aofhb/df C0f pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf qmdzM ldnfOg]5. 10=12=5= lghL If]qsf /f]huf/bftf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf cf}Bf]lus ;Lk ljsf; -Apprenticeship_ sfo{qmd, OG6g{;Lk / cg\ b ha 6«]lgË ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=12=6= b]zleqsf vlgh ;Dkbfx¿sf] plrt cGj]if0f ;+/If0f / pTvgg\ tyf e"–j}1flgs cWoog Pj+ cg';Gwfg ug{ rflxg] dfgj ;+;fwg :jb]zL ljZjljBfnoaf6} pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos k|aGw ul/g]5. 10=12=7= >d ahf/sf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/L ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ gofF ;Lk, k|ljlw ljsf; ug]{ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g]5. gLlt !)=!# k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf] If]qdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu lg/Gt/ k]zfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu k|lzIfsx¿sf] k|lzIf0f cg'dlt kqsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ / 23  k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf] kf7\oj|md, kf7\o;fdu|L / k|lzIf0f ljlwdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{. 10=13=1 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfsf k|lzIfsx¿sf] nflu ;Ifdtf dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df k/LIf0f u/L k|lzIf0f cg'dltkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=13=2 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf If]qdf cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbgsf nflu ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno / ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5. 10=13=3 lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno cGtu{t ljBfno :t/df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] k|fljlws wf/tkm{sf] sIff (–!@ sf] sfo{qmd / k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ;~rflnt tLg aif]{ k|fljlws l8Knf]df sfo{qmdnfO{ Pp6} 9fFrfdf NofO{ ;dfg:t/sf] tLg aif]{ kf7\oqmd nfu" ul/g]5. 10=13=4 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf ;fdflhs ;Ifdtf -Social Competencies_ tyf pBdzLntfnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5. ;do ;fGble{s /fli6«o Jofj;flos dfgs tof/ u/L ;f]sf cfwf/df kf7\oqmd, l;sfO ;fdu|L, bIf k|lzIfs, k|ljlwo'Qm lzIf0f / d"NofÍgsf cfwf/ tof/ kfl/g]5. 10=13=5 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff;DaGwL k/LIff /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{af6 ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL / ;+/rgfut k|jGw ul/g]5. 10=13=6 k|fljlws lzIffsf ultljlwnfO{ k|of]ufTds, Jofjxfl/s / ;dofg's"n agfpg z}lIfs ;+:yfn] pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;+3, ;+:yf nufotsf sfo{:yn / ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{ / nfut ;fem]bf/L ug]{ k|aGw ul/g]5. 24  10=13=7 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf sfo{j|mdx?df cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej / /fli6«o dfkb08 cg'?k x'g] u/L k|ToIf / cgnfOg lzIf0f Pjd\ k|lzIf0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5. -ª_ pRr lzIff gLlt !)=!$ pRr lzIffdf ;dGjo, cg'bfg ljt/0f, u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf tyf k|Tofog, /fli6«o of]Uotf k/LIf0f, dfkb08 lgwf{/0f, cg'udg tyf lgodg nufotsf sfo{ ug{ ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{. 10=14=1= pRr lzIffsf] gLlt lgb]{z ug]{, ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg], ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]unfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ ug{sf lglDt k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ljZjljBfno tyf pRr lzIff kl/ifb\ u7g ul/g]5. 10=14=2= ljZjljBfno tyf pRr lzIff kl/ifb\df g]kfn ;/sf/sf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] dGqfnox¿, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ljZjljBfnosf pks'nkltx¿ jf cWoIfx¿, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf k|ltlglwx¿, lzIffljb\x¿, pBf]uL, Joj;foL, Jofkf/Lx¿, rGbfbftf tyf ;dfh;]jLx¿ /xg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=14=3= pRr lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, pRr lzIffsf tTsflng tyf bL3{sflng gLlt / /0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, u/fpg], /fHosf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;sf cfaZostf / pRr lzIffaLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf ug]{, pRr lzIffsf k|bfosx¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{, u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pj+ k|Tofog ug]{, ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{, ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ ug{sf nflu xfnsf] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]unfO{ ;jn agfOg]5. 25 10=14=4= ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]unfO{ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{, u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf Pj+ k|Tofog ug]{, hgzlQmsf] /fli6«o of]Uotf k/LIf0f ug]{ / pRr lzIffsf] cg'udg tyf lgodg ug]{ sfo{df kl/rfng ul/g]5. 10=14=5= ;fwf/0f ljifo cWofkg ul//x]sf pRr lzIff k|bfos lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ cfjZostf / gS;fª\sgsf cfwf/df k|fljlws lzIffnosf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5. 10=14=6= 7"nf] cfsf/ / ljBfyL{ ;+Vof a9L eO{ Joj:yfkg, cg'udg / k/LIff h:tf kIfdf r':ttf / u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/g]5. 10=14=7= ko{6g, pBf]u, v]ns'b, hl8a'6L;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifosf] k7gkf7gdf hf]8 lbFb} tL If]qdf cfjZos kg]{ bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug{ dflgt ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=14=8= pRr lzIffsf ;+:yfx¿ cGo b]zsf ljZjljBfno jf b]zleqs} cGo ljZjljBfno;Fu ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf] cwLgdf /xL ;xsfo{ - Collaboration_ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=14=9= ;fdfGotof ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ ;DaGwg glbg] ;+:yfsf ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5. ;DaGwg lbg'kg]{ cj:yfdf ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] k"j{ :jLs[ltdf cf}lrTo k'i6\ofOF ;lxt ;DaGwg k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] u/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgodg ul/g]5. 10=14=10= ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof Hofb} sd ePsf SofDk; jf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ dh{/df n}hfg'sf ;fy} dlh{ªdf uPsf SofDk; jf lzIf0f ;+:yfdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] pTkfbgd"ns 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 26  10=14=11= pRr lzIffsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] sfo{j|mddf lj:tf/ Pjd\ ljljwLs/0f ul/g]5. pRr lzIffsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx?nfO{ hLjgko{Gt lzIffsf sfo{j|mdx? ;~rfngsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5. gLlt !)=!% ljZjljBfno:t/sf] lzIffsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljlw, k|ljlw, k|lqmof / kf7\oqmddf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug'{sf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg]. 10=15=1= ljZjJofkLs/0f Pj+ cGt/f{li6«os/0f / :yfgLos/0faLr ;Gt'ng tyf P]ltxfl;s 1fgnfO{ cfw'lgs 1fg;Fu / :yfgLo 1fgnfO{ ljZj 1fg;Fu hf]8\b} /fli6«o cfjZostf ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L pRr lzIff tyf cg';Gwfgsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ hfg] u/L ljBdfg kf7\oj|mddf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5. 10=15=2= pRr lzIffsf ljwf / ljifodf ljljwLs/0f u/L /fi6« ljsf;sf] gjLg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=15=3= pRr lzIffsf] k7gkf7gnfO{ kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t, vf]hd'vL / cg';Gwfg s]lGb|t agfO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ :jfoQ l;sf? agfpFb} 1fg lgdf{0f tyf pTkfbgdf s]lGb|t ul/g]5. 10=15=4= cg';Gwfg tyf gjk|jt{gnfO{ pRr lzIffsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ ljsf; lgdf{0f ;Da4 lgsfo / ljZjljBfnoaLr ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xsfo{ u/L cg';Gwfgsf k|flKtsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]usf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g]5. 10=15=5= sfd / cWoogsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ pBf]u, Joj;fo / ;+:yfg / lzIf0f ;+:yfaLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L 27  a9fpg] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfd ub}{ cWoog ug{ kfpg] cj;/ lbnfOg]5. To;}u/L lzIff If]qnfO{ pTkfbg / ;]jfsf cGo If]q;Fu cfj4 u/fOg]5. 10=15=6= cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo;lxt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] kl/dfh{g ul/g]5. 10=15=7= pRr lzIffdf cWofkg, k|fWofkg / cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] JolQmx¿sf] lj1tfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ /fli6«o of]Uotf k/LIf0f k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g]5. gLlt !)=!^ xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf / k|b]z:t/df /xg OR5's ljZjljBfnox?nfO{ k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;dGjodf k|fb]lzs ljZjljBfnosf ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{. 10=16=1= k|b]z :t/df ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ubf{ xfnsf ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnPsf jf cflª\us z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] gS;fª\sg tyf cWoogsf cfwf/df ufe]/ ljZjljBfno jf ljZjljBfno sn]hsf ¿kdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5. To;/L k|b]z :t/df x:tfGt/0f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbFb} cfO/x]sf] cg'bfg s6f}lt gx'g] / hgzlStsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=16=2= ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos pRr lzIff k|bfos lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] gSzfÍgsf cfwf/df k|b]z If]qsf e"uf]n, ljifo ljz]iftf / cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf ;dfof]hg eO{ 5'§} ljZjljBfno aGg rfx]df ;fd'bflos ljZjljBfnosf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 28 gLlt !)=!& lrlsT;f lzIffnfO{ ;]jfd"ns tyf u}/gfkmfd"ns agfpg u'0f:t/Lo, ljj]szLn tyf ;fdflhs bfloTjaf]w ePsf lrlsT;fsdL{x¿sf] pTkfbg ug{ lrlsT;f lzIff cfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ / lrlsT;f lzIffdf ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t -Competency Based_ kf7\oj|md nfu" ug]{. 10=17=1= lrlsT;f lzIff ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ;+:yf tyf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] lzIff ;DaGwL ljifo x]g]{ dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy} lrlsT;f lzIff cfof]usf] lgodg, g]t[Tj / lgb]{zgdf u'0f:t/ sfod u/fOg]5. lrlsT;f lzIff ;DaGwL k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ PsLs[t k|lti7fgsf ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL k|jGw ul/g]5. 10=17=2= lrlsT;f lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ljBfyL{sf] ;[hgzLntf tyf ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f Ifdtf, ;xsfo{ ;Lk, sfo{ sf}zn, ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Lk cflbdf hf]8 lbOg]5. ;f]sf] jf:tljs d"NofÍgsf lglDt d"NofÍg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{g ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=17=3= k"jf{wf/ k"/f u/]sf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df g]zgn af]8{ ckm d]l8sn :k]lzoN6Lhsf] tTjfjwfgdf :gftsf]Q/ lrlsT;f lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbOg]5. 10=17=4= lrlsT;f lzIffsf] kf7\oqmdn] g}lts d"No dfGotf, ;~rf/ ;Lk Pj+ ;d'bfok|lt bfloTjaf]w ug]{ vfnsf ljifoj:t' ;d]t ;d]6\g'kg]{ / lzIf0f cEof; tyf OG6g{;LknfO{ j}1flgs Pj+ ;fk]lIfs agfpg :jf:Yo lzIff k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 29  10=17=5= lrlsT;f lzIff nufot k|fljlws ljifox¿df ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf] 5fqj[lQdf cWoog u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿n] cWoog k"/f u/] kZrft\ sfg"g adf]lhdsf] cjlwe/ clgjfo{ ;]jf ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=17=6= lrlsT;f lzIff ;DaGwL gofF ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf Pj+ ;~rfng ubf{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm tyf cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} hg;+Vof / ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfpg'kg]{ u/L sfg"gL k|jGw ul/g]5. gLlt !)=!* cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f If]qdf :jb]zd} ljz]if1 hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg, cf}iflw pTkfbg / u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ cfo'j]{b ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug]{. 10=18=1= cfo'j]{b cWoog cWofkg ug]{ u/L 5'§} ljZjljBfno :yfkgf u/L o;sf] cf+lus sn]hsf] ¿kdf dfu / cfjZostf cg'?k k|To]s k|b]zdf cfo'j]{b sn]h :yfkgf ul/g]5. 10=18=2= :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt ;+sfox¿ h:t} M O–d]l8l;g, 8]lG6i6«, gl;{Ë, hg:jf:Yo / kmfd]{;L ljifo If]qsf kf7\oqmddf cfo'j]{b ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z u/L k7g kf7gsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. gLlt !)=!( pRr lzIffdf ljleGg ljwfdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} xfnsf] lzIffzf:qsf] z}lIfs sfo{j|mdsf] ;dofg's"n k'g/fjnf]sg tyf k'g;+/rgf ug]{. 10=19=1= g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnox¿n] ljZjdf k|rngdf /x]sf / g]kfnL pBf]u, afl0fHo, ko{6g, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, s[lif, jg, hl8a'6L, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw nufotsf ljifodf 30  gljg sfo{j|mdx¿ lj:tf/ u/L cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=19=2= k|fl1s tyf k];fut l8u|Lsf] PsLs/0f ul/Psf] xfnsf] lzIffzf:qsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k|fl1s l8u|L k"/f u/]kl5 dfq k];fut l8u|L k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5. 10=19=3= lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRr lzIffsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] lj:tf/ u/L a}1flgs tyf k|fljlws hgzlQm pTkfbgdf s]lGb|t ul/g]5. gLlt !)=@) pRr lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿df cGt/fli6«o ljBfyL{x¿ klg cfslif{t x'g] u/L u'0f:t/ / cWoog ljlw to u/L g]kfnsf pRr lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«os/0f ug]{. g]kfnL k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg u/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf;lxt ljZj:t/df lj:tf/ ug]{. 10=20=1= g]kfn ljljw efiff efifL, hft hflt, wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh Pj+ /xg;xg ePsf] d'n's ePsf] x'gfn] dfgljsL, ;dfhzf:q Pj+ dfgjzf:qsf] ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu pTs[i6 cWoogsf] s]G› agfOg]5. 10=20=2= g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf / lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] k|fs[lts Pj+ ef}uf]lns ljljwtf cg'¿k k|f0fL, jg:klt tyf jftfj/0f ;DjGwL cWoogsf] s]G› agfOg]5. 10=20=3= pRr lxdfnL If]qnfO{ kj{tLo cWoog s]G›sf] ¿kdf :yfkgf u/L Mountain Engineering, Mountain Risk- Management, Mountaineering, Climbing, High Altitude Training, High Altitude Sports, Mountain Tourism and Mountain Economy cflb ljifodf 31  k|fl1s sIff ;~rfng tyf tflnd k|bfg u/L Sports Close Camp, Ski, Paragliding, White water rafting, Canoening, Zip diving nufotsf v]nx¿sf] k|lzIf0f / k|ltof]lutfsf] s]G› agfOg]5. 10=20=4= d]l8sn, OlGhlgol/ª, pmhf{, hl8j'l6 k|zf]wg, s[lif, gub] jfnL, km"n tyf kmnkm"n, vfB k|ljlw, kz'k+IfLkfng nufotsf k|fljlws ljifox¿ tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg, 6«fen P08 6'l/Hd, lxdfn cf/f]x0f nufot ;fxl;s v]n tyf Jofj;flos ;Lkx¿df ljb]zL ljBfyL{x¿ cfslif{t ul/g]5. gLlt !)=@! pRr lzIff xfl;n ul/;s]kl5 sfdsf] ;+;f/df k|j]z ug{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQsf] Jofjxfl/s cg'ej xfl;n ug{ / pRr lzIffsf] nfe k|ToIf ¿kdf hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg clgjfo{ :jo+;]jsLo ;fdflhs ;]jfsf ¿kdf æ/fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfÆ ;~rfng ug]{. 10=21=1= /fli6«o cfjZostfsf cfwf/df k|fljlws ljifodf :gfts / ;fwf/0f ljifox¿df :gftsf]Q/ txdf Ps aif{;Dd cjlwsf] /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g] / ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf cfwf/df cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;'kl/j]Ifsaf6 clGtd d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=21=2= æ/fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfÆ cGtu{t ;d'bfosf] ;]jf tyf /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu hfg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfd cg';f/sf] lgjf{x vr{ pknAw u/fOg]5. 10=21=3= æ/fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfÆ cGtu{t ljZjljBfno jf sn]hn] s'g} Pp6f ;d'bfo jf ef}uf]lns If]qnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fvL sn]h len]h sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{, 32  gS;fª\sgsf] cfwf/df 5'6\ofOPsf] ;]jfIf]qdf x/]s sn]h jf ljZjljBfnon] ;]jf ufpF agfpg] / ToxL If]qdf gd"gf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=21=4= ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ :jod\ pTkfbgd'vL k|lti7fgsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 / To:tf k|lti7fgx¿df pBdzLntfsf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ub}{ lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg;Fu hf]l8g]5. gLlt !)=@@ cg';GwfgnfO{ pRr lzIffsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ gjkj{tgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ sfg"gL, ;+:yfut / Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{. 10=22=1= lzIffdf cg';GwfgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg, cg';Gwfgsf k|fyldstfx¿ klxrfg ug{, lzIff If]qdf ;+nUg cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿sf aLrdf ;dGjo sfod ug{, cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf ljrdf lgoldt cGt/lqmof ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{, cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ / cg';Gwfgsf glthfx¿nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f / z}lIfs cEof;sf] ;'wf/df clwstd ¿kdf pkof]udf Nofpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ /fli6«o z}lIfs cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ u7g ul/g]5. 10=22=2= pRr lzIffsf] lgoldt z}lIfs sfo{qmdcg';f/ x'g] cg';Gwfgsf cltl/Qm /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qcg';f/ tyf gofF 1fg / k|ljlwsf] cGj]if0fdf x'g] cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;/sf/L nufgL j[l4 ul/g]5. 10=22=3= ljZjljBfnox¿df /x]sf df}h'bf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L cg';Gwfgsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g ug'{sf ;fy} 33  /fHosf dxTjk"0f{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf To:tf cg';Gwfgsf glthfx¿sf] pkof]u ul/g] 5. 10=22=4= pRr lzIff k|bfos ljZjljBfno tyf k|lti7fgx¿n] aflif{s ?kdf tf]lsPadf]ldhsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ / To:tf cg';Gwfgx¿ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o hg{ndf clgjfo{ ?kdf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5. gLlt !)=@# z}lIfs u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf dfq ljb]zL ljZjljBfno jf ;Da4 z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ g]kfndf sfo{qmd rnfpg] :jLs[lt lbg] / g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnox¿df ;~rfng gePsf, gofF k|ljlw;Da4 ljifosf sfo{qmdx¿ ljb]zL ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DaGwgdf g]kfndf ;~rfng u/L g]kfnnfO{ ljZj:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs s]Gb| -Education Hub_ agfpg]. 10=23=1= lzIf0f ;+:yf / ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] cflwsfl/stf, ljZjljBfnosf] u'0f:t/;d]tsf ;DaGwdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf k//fi6« dGqfnodfkm{t\ ;DalGwt s'6gLlts lgof]uaf6 a'em]/ dfq ;DaGwg kl/jt{g, yk sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf gofF sfo{qmd ;~rfng :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/g]5. 10=23=2= cg'dlt k|fKt u/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;+:yfx¿n] ljb]zL lzIfs, Joj:yfks tyf sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ k|fjwfgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5. 10=23=3= ljb]zL af]8{af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ -s'6gLlts lgof]un] ;~rfng u/]sf afx]s_ n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf /fli6«o dfkb08 kfngf ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 34  10=23=4= ljb]zL ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwgdf vf]lnPsf / ;~rfngdf /x]sf lzIf0f ;+:yf / z}lIfs sfo{j|mdx¿sf] lgodg tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL k|jGw ul/g]5. 10=23=5= ljb]zL z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] :jb]zL nufgLstf{ eP bz k|ltzt / ljb]zL nufgLstf{ eP aL; k|ltzt ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ / To:tf] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ubf{ /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg h]x]Gbf/, ljkGg blnt, ckfª\utf ePsf ljkGg JolQm nufotsf nlIft ju{sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] ;f]sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=23=6= ljb]zL ljZjljBfno jf af]8{af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L g]kfndf ;~rflnt pRr lzIff k|bfos lzIf0f ;+:yfn] dGqfnon] lgwf{l/t u/]sf dfkb08 adf]lhd ljBfyL{ egf{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf ljb]zL ljBfyL{nfO{ cWofkg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=23=7= g]kfnnfO{ lglZrt ljifox¿df ljZj:t/sf] lzIff pknAw u/fpg] z}lIfs s]Gb| (Educational Hub) sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. gLlt !)=@$ lxGb', jf}4 nufotsf kf}/:To bz{g, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt nufotsf] s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ k"jL{o bz{g, k"jL{o lrGtg, df}lns bz{g Pj+ k/Dk/f, cfo'j]{b, of]u, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, dfgljsL, ;dfhzf:q, dfgjzf:q, h}ljs ljljwtf, ko{6g, hl8a'6L nufot ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]. 35  10=24=1= lxGb", jf}4 nufotsf kf}/:To bz{g, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt nufotsf] s]G› ljGb' agfO{ k"jL{o bz{g, k"jL{o lrGtg, df}lns bz{g Pj+ k/Dk/f, cfo'j]{b, of]u, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, cflb ljifosf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]G›sf] ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=24=2= of]u, Wofg / bz{gsf] cWoog / cEof;nfO{ ljBfnodf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL /fli6«o cleofg / hg;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf b]zel/ ;a} gful/sdf lj:tf/ ub}{ o;sf nflu ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]G›, v'nf ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfno, k':tsfnosf] ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/g]5. 10=24=3= g]kfnsf] cfˆg} df}lns snf / ;+:s[lt lrqsnf, d"lt{snf, sfi7snf, k|:t/snf, k/Dk/fut snf Pj+ k|ljlw, ljljw afBafwg, ljleGg uLt, ;+uLt tyf g[TonfO{ ;d]6]/ ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t snf tyf ;+:s[lt ljZjljBfno jf Ps]8]dL dfkm{t ljb]zL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ul/g]5. gLlt !)=@% cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df nufgL a9fpg] / o:tf] nufgL cfwf/e"t tyf a}1flgs cg';Gwfg / Jojxfl/s - Applied_ cg';Gwfgsf lglDt ;fj{hlgs, lghL If]qsf pBf]ux¿ Pj+ cGo z}lIfs Pj+ k|fl1s If]qx¿aLr ;xsfo{ ug]{ / cg';GwfgnfO{ ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g cg';Gwfg ;+:yf / pTkfbg ;+:yflar ;fem]bf/L u/fpg]. 10=25=1 ljZjljBfno, cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg / cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿aLr ;xsfo{ u/L cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5. 36 10=25=2 ljleGg lgsfocGtu{t ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf k|of]uzfnfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 u/L /fli6«o:t/sf cg';Gwfgzfnf agfOg]5. 10=25=3 xfnsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L To:tf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿nfO{ k|fl1s ;+:yf cGtu{t /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=25=4 pRr kj{tLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, hn>f]th:tf g]kfnsf] ljz]iftf /x]sf ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] pTs[i6 cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿ :yfkgf tyf ljsf; u/L To:tf ljifonfO{ /fi6«sf] klxrfg If]q agfOg]5. 10=25=5 s[lif, hg:jf:Yo, ;fgf pBf]u, phf{, oftfoft / cfjf;h:tf ljifox¿ / ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ljsf;d"ns / Jofjxfl/s cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f ug{ / k|ljlw ljsf; / pkof]udf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg gjk|jt{g s]G›x¿ -Innovation Centers_ sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5. 10=25=6 ljZjljBfno cGt/utsf cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQ / cfTdlge{/ cg';Gwfg ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=25=7 cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy Jojl:yt ug{ s]G›, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L cfjZostf / ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5. 10=25=8 cg';Gwfgsf ultljlwnfO{ kf7\oqmd / kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;, lzIfs tof/L, ljsf; Pj+ tflnd, lzIf0fl;sfO / d"NofÍg sf] cleGg cËsf ¿kdf cjnDag ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ / lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿df cg';Gwfg ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 37  10=25=9 cg';Gwfg;DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf;sf lglDt tflnd, k|lzIf0f h:tf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ / To;af6 pTkflbt hgzlStn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ :jfWoog Pj+ :jMcg';Gwfg ug]{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=25=10 ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 ul/g] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ ;d]t k|lt:kwf{df hfg ;Ifd agfpg] / To;/L ljZjljBfnon] ;~rfng ug]{ cg';Gwfgdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]t kl/rfng ul/g]5. -r_ cgf}krfl/s, hLjg ko{Gt, k/Dk/fut / v'nf lzIff gLlt !)=@^ /fli6«o k':tsfnox¿sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ub}{ ;fd'bflos k':tsfno / ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb|nfO{ ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb|;Fu hf]8]/ ;'b[9 ;fd'bflos l;sfO tyf ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L cfhLjg l;sfO / lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] s]Gb| agfpg]. 10=26=1= b]ze/L ;~rflnt ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno tyf jfrgfnox¿nfO{ /fli6«o k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;'29Ls/0f Pj+ ljsf; ug]{ / k':tsfno tyf jfrgfnosf] kx"Fr gk'u]sf :yfgdf of]hgfa4 ¿kdf lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5. 10=26=2= ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] tYofª\s cBfalws u/L :ki6 dfkb08sf cfwf/df ltgLx¿sf] auL{s/0f ug]{ tyf :yfgLo, k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] Aoa:yfkg, nufgL / /]vb]vdf ;+rfngsf] Aoa:yf ldnfOg]5. 38  10=26=3= k|To]s :yfgLo txdf sDtLdf Pp6f ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf u/L cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwo'Qm agfOg]5. 10=26=4= k':tsfnonfO{ hgf]kof]uL, ;]jfd'vL / cfTdlge{/ agfpFb} n}hfg] Pj+ o:tf k':tsfnoaf6 :yfgLo txsf ;a} j8fx¿df :of6nfO{6 k':tsfno tyf 3'DtL k':tsfno ;]jf ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=26=5= cfwf/e"t txb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd ;a} z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df k':tsfno ljsf;, Joa:yfkg tyf ;~rfngsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L kof{Kt ;Gbe{;fdu|L ;lxtsf k':tsfnox¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5. 10=26=6= cfhLjg l;sfO tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] nflu :yfgLo txsf] k|To]s j8fdf ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]G› :yfkgf u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5. gLlt !)=@& cgf}krfl/s, v'nf / k/Dk/fut laBfnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L cf}krfl/s ljBfno lzIffsf] ;dsIfL agfpg]. 10=27=1 ;fIf/ g]kfn 3f]if0ff u/L lzlIft g]kfn agfpgdf s]lGb|t cfhLjg l;sfOsf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=27=2 v'nf lzIffsf] cj;/ a9fpgsf lglDt ljBfno tyf v'nf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ ul/g] / v'nf ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L d'l›t, dlN6ldl8of / cgnfOgdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ;fdu|L ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=27=3 v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbFb} o;nfO{ yk 39  k|efjsf/L agfpg 5'§} z}lIfs /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿sf] ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=27=4 wfld{s k|s[ltsf k/Dk/fut ljBfnosf] lgodg / ;xhLs/0fsf nflu u'?s'n lzIff af]8{, dbzf{ lzIff af]8{ / u'Daf lzIff af]8{ u7g ug{ ;lsg]5. 10=27=5 k/Dk/fut lzIff;DaGwL af]8{n] ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f / u'0f:t/Lotfsf nflu ;a} txsf lzIffsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f, kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g, la|h sf];{ / ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f nufot ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=27=6 df}lns bz{g / 1fg k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs k|fs[lts lj1fg / ;dfh lj1fgsf :yflkt 1fg / l;4fGtx¿;Fu oyf]lrt 9Ën] tfbfTDotf ldnfP/ nlug]5. -5_ ;dfj]zL / ljz]if lzIff gLlt !)=@* ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;dfj]zL lzIff Pj+ ljz]if lzIffsf cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ / hLjgf]kof]uL tyf Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\o;fdu|Ldf cg's"ng ug]{. 10=28=1 ckfËtf ePsf, czQm / 3/af6 ljBfno cfjthfjt ug{ c;dy{ t/ ljBfnodf cWoog ug{ ;Sg] afnaflnsfsf nflu kfos kg]{ :yfgdf cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df 5fqfjf;;lxtsf] æljz]if ljBfnoÆ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=28=2 ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ckfª\utfsf] cj:yf x]/L ;Dej eP;Dd cGo afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} a;]/ l;Sg kfpg] u/L ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 40 10=28=3 ckfËtf tyf km/s Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf nflu Jofj;flos ;Lk l;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5. 10=28=4 ;fwf/0f cj:yfsf afnaflnsf;Fu a;]/ cWoog ug{ ;Sg] ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ckfª\ utfsf] k|s[lt / :t/ cg';f/ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ -h:t}M XjLn r]o/, 58L, a|]n k':ts, ;f+s]lts lrq cflb_ sf] ;d'lrt k|aGw ul/g]5. 10=28=5 ;a} k|sf/sf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsx¿ -zf/Ll/s ckfËtf, ;'gfO ckfËtf, b[li6 ckfËtf, :j/ / af]nfO{ ckfËtf, dfgl;s jf dgf];fdflhs ckfËtf, af}l4s ckfËtf, cg'j+zLo /Qm>fj -x]df]lkmlnof_ ;DaGwL ckfËtf, cl6hd ckfËtf / ax' ckfËtf_ sf] k7gkf7gdf ;xhtf Nofpg zf/Ll/s tyf af}l4s Ifdtf cg';f/sf] ckfËd}qL ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] k|aGw ul/g]5. 10=28=6 ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg afnaflnsfx¿sf] cj:yf / k|s[lt x]/L ljz]if sIff tyf ;'wf/fTds sIffsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=28=7 ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf JolQmx¿sf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts tyf >Jo b[Zo / ;xof]u ;fdu|Ldf ljljwLs/0f ul/g]5. 10=28=8 ;':t >j0f ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fÍ]lts efiff tyf b[li6ljlxg / Go"g b[li6 ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ a|]n lnlkdf dfq ;Lldt gu/fO{ cGo pks/0fsf] k|of]uaf6 l;Sg ;Sg] ;DefJo ljsNksf] vf]hL u/L pko'Qm cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5. 41  10=28=9 ckfª\utfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ nlrnf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts, j}slNks l;sfO ;fdu|L tyf lzIf0f ljlwdf hf]8 lbg'sf] ;fy} ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf cg's"n agfOg]5. gLlt !)=@( cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts sf/0fn] kl5 k/]sf JolStx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{ cf/If0f, ;sf/fTds lje]b, k|fyldstf, k|f]T;fxg nufotsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{. 10=29=1 ljBfnosf] ;]jf If]qleqsf blnt, hghftL, ;LdfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfox¿sf] jfx'Notf ePsf ljBfnox?df ;d'bfosf] efiff / k[i7e"ld a'em\g] lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5. 10=29=2 ljBfnodf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ ljBdfg cf/If0f tyf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5. 10=29=3 blnt, ckfËtf ePsf JolSt, cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg / ;fdflhs ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf ;d'bfo tyf If]q, ljz]if k|ltefjfg\ JolQm / ljlzi6Ls[t ljifodf cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbgsf nflu ;ª\3, k|b]z jf :yfgLo txn] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs nufgL u/L lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=29=4 ljBfnosf] g]t[Tjdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj clea[l4 ug{ Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{ k|wfgfWofks lgo'lStdf dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] Joj:yf cjnDag ul/g]5. 10=29=5 lglZrt ;d"xsf ;a}nfO{ lbg] ul/Psf] ljBdfg 5fqj[lQ Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ul/a tyf ljkGg s]lGb|t 42  agfpFb} nlug]5. lghL ljBfnox?df 5fqj[lQdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{n] klg pRr lzIffsf] 5fqj[lQsf] cf/If0f l;6df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=29=6 lzIffsf ;a} txdf -k|f/lDes afnljsf;b]lv pRr lzIff tyf hLjgko{Gt lzIff;Dd_ ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL d'2f klxrfg u/L To;sf] plrt ;Daf]wg ul/g]5. 10=29=7 ;/sf/L 5fqj[lQ tyf ljb]zL ;/sf/n] g]kfnnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] 5fqj[lQ ;fj{hlgs cyjf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog u/]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|bfg ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5. 10=29=8 cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, b'u{d If]q / dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf kl5 k/]sf If]q / ju{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} :6];g/L, lbjf vfhf / kf]zfs :yfgLo txn] g} qmdzM lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpFb} hfg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=29=9 afnaflnsfdf 5'jf5'tsf sf/0f x'g] dgf]j}1flgs k|efj / e]befjnfO{ cGt ug{ ljBfnodf 5'jf5't k|yf k"0f{ ¿kdf pGd"ng ub}{ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ / l;sfOdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ljBfno tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg] 5. -h_ z}lIfs ;'zf;g / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg gLlt !)=#) ;a} ljBfnodf of]Uo tyf ;Ifd ljifout lzIfssf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ pgLx¿sf] pTk|]/0ff, k];fut g}ltstf / ;Ifdtf clea[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} lzIfssf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw;Fu hf]8\g]. 10=30=1 ;/sf/n] l;h{gf u/]sf :yfoL b/aGbLdf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq :yfoL lzIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 43 10=30=2 ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] a[lQ ljsf; ubf{ ;Ifdtf, cg'ej, z}lIfs of]Uotf / sfo{bIftfsf cfwf/df ljBfnosf] dflyNnf] tx / >]0fL;Dd a9'jf x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=30=3 tTsflng pRr dfWolds txdf sfo{/t lgwf{l/t of]Uotf k'u]sf lzIfsx¿nfO{ dfWolds txsf lzIfssf ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos b/aGbL ;[hgf u/L lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 dfq kbk"lt{ ul/g]5. 10=30=4 ;a} ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ljBfyL{–lzIfs cg'kft x]/L b]ze/Lsf ;a} ljBfnodf kfFr jif{leq of]Uo, bIf / :jMpTk|]l/t laifo lzIfssf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=30=5 ljBfyL{x¿n] k/LIffdf xfl;n u/]sf] kl/0ffd ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg u/L lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/sf nflu lzIfsx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5. 10=30=6 lzIfsnfO{ k];fk|lt yk hjfkmb]xL agfOg] 5. lzIfssf] ;Ifdtf, ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw, l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cg';Gwfg, z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, gjk|jt{gfTds sfo{, cltl/Qm / ;xlj|mofsnfk ;~rfng, k];fut lhDd]jf/L tyf hjfkmb]lxtf axg h:tf :ki6 / kf/bzL{ ;"rssf cfwf/df lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=30=7 cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIfssf] ljGof;sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. To;/L ljGof; ubf{ dlxnf tyf ckfËtf ePsf lzIfsnfO{ ;s];Dd cg's'n x'g] u/L ;¿jf ul/g]5. hg;f+lVos ;+/rgf, ljBfno tyf ljBfyL{ ;+Vofdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ef}uf]lns cj:yf ;d]tsf 44  cfwf/df Ps k6ssf nflu lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfg tyf k'glj{t/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=30=8 xfnsf] lzIfs b/aGbL k'glj{t/0faf6 klg lzIfs gk'u ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bfloTj gkg]{ u/L k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo txn] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df yk lzIfs b/aGbL l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5. 10=30=9 aflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg tyf ljBfyL{sf] glthfdf pTs[i6tf xfl;n u/]sf lzIfsnfO{ ljBfno, :yfgLo tx, k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] k|z+zf, k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg lbg Joj:yf ul/g]5. gLlt !)=#! ljBfnodf cWofkg afx]ssf ;/;kmfO{, ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f, sfof{no Joj:yfkg, k|of]uzfnf Joj:yfkg, k':tsfno Joj:yfkg h:tf sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{. 10=31=1= ljBfnodf k|zf;g, n]vf, :jf:Yo / ;xof]uL ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos sd{rf/L Joj:yf ul/g] 5. To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg] 5. 10=31=2= ;j} ljBfno sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df x'g]5. 10=31=3= xfn sfo{/t ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :yfoL ;]jf k|j]z k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] u/L ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5. gLlt !)=#@ lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] JolQmx¿nfO{ /lhi6«]zg tyf cg'dltkq k|bfg ug{sf nflu lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{. 45  10=32=1= lzIff If]qdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{sf nflu lzIf0f k]zfdf /x]sf lzIfs / eljiodf lzIf0f k]zfdf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] bIf tyf pTk|]l/t lzIfssf lglDt lzIf0f cg'dltkq k|bfg, gjLs/0f / vf/]hL ;d]tsf sfo{ ug{sf nflu lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5. 10=32=2= lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lzIfssf] k];fut ;Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{sf nflu ljBdfg lzIfs tflnd s]Gb|x¿nfO{ lzIf0f Ps]8]dLsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. gLlt !)=## ljBfno / ;d'bfoaLr ;xof]ufTds / ;xsfof{Tds ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ub}{ ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng ug]{. 10=33=1= ljBfno / ;d'bfosf aLr hLjGt ;DaGw lgdf{0f ug{, ljBfno ;DjGwL gLltut lg0f{o ug{, laBfno / :yfgLo tx tyf ;d'bfosf] aLr k'nsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ / ljBfnosf nflu ;d'bfosf] tkm{af6 ;xof]u h'6fpg ljBfno Aoj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5. 10=33=2= ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] cGt/;DaGw ;'b[9 u/L ;d'bfodf ljBdfg /}yfg] / k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lk ljBfnosf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cËsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{sf ;fy} ;d'bfosf] ;du| ljsf; / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ ug{ ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ kl/rfng ul/g]5. 10=33=3= lzIff If]q / z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df 5'jf5't, afn>d / n}+lus lx+;f Pj+ b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj¿4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5. To:tf 36gfsf] /f]syfd / 46  lgoGq0fsf nflu lzIf0f ;+:yfdf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=33=4= ljBfnosf] of]hgf th{'df, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f, cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIff Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f nufot :yfgLo txsf] sfo{If]qleq kg]{ z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx¿df ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg]5. 10=33=5= ljBfno Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBfnon] ;d'bfo tyf cfˆgf cleefjsx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Djfb / cGt/lqmof ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5. gLlt !)=#$ ljBfnosf] zf;sLo ;'wf/;lxt hg;xeflutf, ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k|ltlglwTj, kf/blz{tf, ckgTj / pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g ug{ ;xeflutfd"ns ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod ug]{. 10=34=1= :yfgLo txsf hgk|ltlglw, lzIfs, cleefjs, ;dfh;]jL, lzIffk|]dL, rGbfbftf, ;+:yfks nufotsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg sfg'gL ;'wf/ ul/g]5. 10=34=2= ljBfno ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg, z}lIfs, cfly{s tyf Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ ljBfno txdf g} ljs]lG›t ul/g]5. 10=34=3= ljBfnox¿nfO{ :jzfl;t / hjfkmb]xL ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] lzIff x]g]{ dGqfnoaf6 ljBfnosf clwsf/ k|of]u, st{Jo lgjf{x / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf /fli6«o sfo{9fFrf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5. 47  10=34=4= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o;nfO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo txsf] ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=34=5= z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf lgldQ k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, sd{rf/L Pj+ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=34=6= ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ glthfd'vL, kf/bzL{ tyf hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;fdflhs kl/If0fnfO{ ljBfno cg'bfgsf] nflu clgjfo{ ;t{sf ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/g]5. o:tf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg cleefjsf] e]nfdf ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5. gLlt !)=#% ljBfno g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf ;jnLs/0f ug{ k|wfgfWofkssf] of]Uotf, ;Ifdtf / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df ;'ljwf a[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} 5gf}6 k|lj|mofnfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t Pj+ kf/bzL{ agfpg]. 10=35=1= ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf] z}lIfs g]t[Tj / Aoj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lhDd]jf/ Pj+ clwsf/;DkGg agfpg] u/L sfg"gL k|jGw ul/g]5. 10=35=2= k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ljBfno ;~rfngsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbO{ glthfsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug]{ / sfo{af]em tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5. 10=35=3= ;DalGwt txdf kfFr jif{sf] lzIf0f cg'ejk|fKt, of]Uo, ;Ifd / Ifdtfjfg lzIfsnfO{ g]t[Tj k/LIf0fsf cfwf/df k|wfgfWofks agfOg]5. 48 gLlt !)=#^ lzIffnox¿sf z}lIfs tYofª\snfO{ Snfp8 k|ljlwdfkm{t\ Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos tYofÍ ;Íng, k|zf]wg / ;Dk|]if0fsf nflu jf:tljs ;do (Real Time) df ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ pko'St k|ljlw k"jf{wf/ tyf ;+/rgf agfpg]. 10=36=1= z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L v08Ls[t tYofÍ Joj:yfkg ug{ :yfgLo tx / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ ;Ifd / lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5. 10=36=2= ;a} txsf ljBfyL{, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ;+/rgf, gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf kl/0ffdsf] :jrflnt ¿kdf hfgsf/L kfpg] u/L ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo txdf z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5. 10=36=3= z}lIfs ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ cGnfOgdf cfwfl/t agfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df / cg'';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos tYof+s pknAw u/fOg]5. gLlt !)=#& lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L / kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ k];f jf lhDd]jf/Lk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg k];fut cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ug]{ Pj+ k];fut xs lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu Psn k];fut ;+u7gsf] sfg"gL k|aGw ug]{. 10=37=1= ;a} tx / k|sf/sf lzIf0f ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks, k|fWofks tyf sd{rf/L / kbflwsf/Lsf] k];fut cfrf/;+lxtf -Professional Code of Conduct_ tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g] / ;f] cg';f/ eP gePsf] cg'udg ul/g]5. 49  10=37=2= ljBfno / ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] k];fut xslxt ;+/If0f / kbLo lhDd]jf/Lk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg Psn k];fut ;+u7g dfq /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=37=3= k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ tyf glthfdf cfwfl/t agfpg sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ul/g]5. 10=37=4= ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno, ljZjljBfno jf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf lzIfs / sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;dofjlwe/ lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt afx]s cGo s'g} klg k];fdf cfa4 x'g] jf s'g} klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ultljlw jf /fhgLlts lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] sfo{df /f]s nufOg]5. 10=37=5= ljBfno zflGt If]q -School as Zone of Peace_ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ lzIffnox?nfO{ b08/xLt -Non‐Violence_ lzIf0f l;sfO ug]{ ynf]sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. gLlt !)=#* z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;]jfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf] ;fy} o:tf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg ug]{. 10=38=1= z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] lzIff ;DaGwL ljifo x]g]{ dGqfnoaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} To:tf ;+:yfdfkm{t ljb]z cWoog ug{ uPsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug{ nufOg]5. 10=38=2= z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfnsx¿ cfkm"n] ljb]zdf cWoogsf nflu k7fPsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoog cjlwe/sf] cj:yf cBfjlws u/L /fVg'kg]{ / ;f]sf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 50  10=38=3= k"0f{ 5fqj[lQ jf lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQdf hfg]afx]s ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfg] g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf] xsdf g]kfnsf] lgodgsf/L lgsfon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08leq k/]sf ljb]zL ljZjljBfnodf dfq cWoog ug{ hfg kfOg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. t/ k|fljlws ljifox?sf] xsdf g]kfndf k|j]z k/LIff ptL0f{ u/L ;DalGwt sfplG;ndf btf{ u/]/ dfq hfg kfOg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. -em_ ;fj{hlgs – lghL ;fem]bf/L / ;fd'bflos Pj+ ;fj{hlgs lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;jnLs/0f gLlt !)=#( g]t[Tj ;jnLs/0f tyf cleefjssf] ckgTj l;h{gf ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutfdf cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg nIo ls6fg u/L ;fd'bflos Pj+ ;fj{hlgs lzIff k|0ffnL ;jnLs/0f cleofg ;~rfng ug]{. 10=39=1 lzIfsnfO{ k|zf;lgs ¿kdf k|wfgfWofksk|lt / l;sfO pknlAwsf nflu ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg] / k|wfgfWofksnfO{ l;sfO, ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljBfyL{, cleefjs / :yfgLo txk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5. 10=39=2 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw clea[l4 ug{ lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf a:t'lgi7 ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg u/L k'/:sf/ / b08sf] k4lt nfu" ul/g]5. 10=39=3 b'u{d If]qsf ljBfnodf sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df yk ;'ljwf lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf qmdzM ul/g]5. 51  10=39=4 ljZjljBfnoaf6 ljlzi6 >]0fLdf ptL0f{ jf ljlzi6tf k|fKt u/]sf d]wfjL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=39=5 lzIf0f k];fdf d]wfjL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ 5gf}6 tyf j[lQ ljsf; k|0ffnLnfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t agfO{ k/LIf0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L a:t'lgi7 tyf ljZj;gLo agfOg]5. 10=39=6 :yfgLo txaf6 cfjlws ¿kdf ;a} k|s[ltsf ljBfnosf] l;sfO :t/ hfFr ug]{ / b]lvPsf ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5. gLlt !)=$) ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] th'{df u/]sf] dfkb08 / sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df lghL nufgLsf ljBfnox¿sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 k|efjsf/L lgodg ug]{. 10=40=1= kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':ts, lzIfssf] ;]jf zt{ tyf ;'ljwf, z'Nssf] ;Ldf, s/ kfngf, cfly{s sf/f]af/df kf/blz{tf / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] l:ylt ;d]tsf cfwf/df lghL nufgLsf ljBfnox¿sf] k|efjsf/L lgodg ul/g]5. 10=40=2= g]kfndf :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf ljBfnox¿df k"jf{wf/, kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof, u'0f:t/, k/LIff tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf ;dfg 9fFrf agfO{ nfu" ul/g]5. 10=40=3= lghL nufgLdf ;~rflnt ljBfno lzIfsx¿sf] nflu /fli6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df lzIfs 5gf}6, cfk"lt{, ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 52  10=40=4= k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ljBfnosf] btf{, gfdfs/0f, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg gug]{ lghL nufgLsf ljBfnonfO{ sf/afxL ul/g]5. To:tf ljBfnox¿sf] n]vf k|0ffnL cgnfOgdf cfwfl/t agfO{ cfDbfgL / vr{df kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=40=5= lghL nufgLdf ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿n] !) b]lv !% k|ltzt laBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfos kg]{ ljBfnodf lgMz'Ns lzIff k|bfg ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. ;f]sf] nflu ljkGg h]xGbf/, ljkGg blnt, ckfËtf ePsf ljkGg JolQm, ljleGg ljwfdf k|ltefjfg\ JolQm nufot nlIft ju{sf] klxrfg / 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{ljlw ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL adf]lhd :yfgLo txn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=40=6= lghL nufgLsf ljBfnodf cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsx¿n] ;d]t cWofkg cg'dltkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. gLlt !)=$! lzIff If]qdf 5fofF lzIffsf] ¿kdf /x]sf la|h sf]z{ ;~rfns ;+:yf, 6\o';g ;]G6/ / sf]lrª ;]G6/ nufot z}lIfs ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;~rfng, lgodg / Joj:yfkg ug]{. 10=41=1= la|h sf]z{, efiff lzIf0f nufotsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;~rfngsf nflu k|b]z ;/sf/ / 6\o";g tyf sf]lrË sIffsf] cg'dlt, lgodg nufotsf sfo{x¿ :yfgLo txaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=41=2= la|h sf]z{ ;~rfns ;+:yf, 6\o';g ;]G6/ / sf]lrË ;]G6/ nufotsf z}lIfs sfo{j|md ;~rfng ;DaGwdf :ki6 dfgs tyf dfkb08 agfO nfu" ul/g]5. 53 -`_ /fli6«o of]Uotf k|f?kdf cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnL gLlt !)=$@ /fli6«o of]Uotf k|f?k lgdf{0f u/L cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s tyf ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws Pj+ Jofj;flos lzIffsf] of]UotfaLr ;dsIftf (Equivalence) / kf/uDotf (Permeability) sf] k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{. 10=42=1= Ps ljZjljBfnoaf6 csf]{ ljZjljBfnodf / Ps ljifoaf6 csf]{ ljifodf hfFbf qm]l86 6«fG:km/ x'g] Joj:yf jf ;xsfo{sf] ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ePdf ljZjljBfnox¿n] ;+o'Qm pkflw lbg] k|aGw ul/g]5 / ;Demf}tf gePdf qm]l86 ;ª\sng u/]sf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] /]s8{;lxt clGtd k/LIff lbPsf] ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|df0fkq lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=42=2= h'g;'s} ;ª\sfo jf ljifosf] ljBfyL{ p;sf] OR5f cg';f/ ;DalGwt sfo{qmddf cWoogsf nflu k"/f ug{'kg]{ ;t{x¿ k"/f u/L jf lglZrt tof/L sf];{ jf la|hsf];{ k"/f u/L h'g;'s} ;ª\sfo jf ljifodf cWoog ug{ jf cWoogsf nflu ljb]z hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=42=3= cWoogsf nflu cfjZos zt{x¿ k"/f u/L k|j]z ug{ kfpg] u/L ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/sf lzIffdf ;dtnLo (Horizontal) tyf nDaLo (Vertical) ¿kdf bf]xf]/f] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=42=4= cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 k|fKt 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfnfO{ /fli6«o Jofj;flos of]Uotf k|f¿ksf cfwf/df k/LIf0f tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L sf]z{sf] qm]l86 Aoflª\sª / qm]l86 6«fG;km/ (Credit Banking and Credit Transfer) k4lt nfu" ul/g]5. 10=42=5= /fli6«o of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ljBfno, ljZjljBfno tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] kf7\oj|mddf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5. 54 -6_ lzIffdf u'0f:t/ gLlt !)=$# ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ljBfno lzIffdf kf7\oj|md tyf d"NofÍg ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ug]{ / kf7\oj|md, kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof / ljBfyL{ d"NofÍg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{. 10=43=1 ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 /fli6«o kf7\oqmdsf] k|f¿k, kf7\oj|md dfgs tyf dfkb08, d"n ljifosf] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':ts / gd"gf kf7\ok':ts ljsf;, lzIf0f tyf k|lzIf0f dfgssf] lgwf{/0f ul/g]5. o;}u/L k|b]z ;/sf/af6 OR5fwLg ljifosf kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; tyf kf7\ok':ts Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ x'g]5. :yfgLo txn] /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿ksf] cwLgdf /xL :yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog, kf7\o;fdu|L ljt/0f, kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog nufotsf sfo{ ug]{5. ljBfnox¿n] kf7\oj|mdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ug{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=43=2 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg kf7\oj|md ;DaGwL cf–cfˆgf] sfo{If]qdf cf–cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L cg'¿k sfo{ u/L :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o kl/j]z / e"d08nLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L kf7\oqmdsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fGble{s agfpg'sf ;fy} Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DalGwt agfOg]5. 10=43=3 cfjlws ?kdf kf7\oqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{ tyf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df k|To]s aif{ kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] cBfjlws ul/g]5. 10=43=4 dfWolds lzIffsf] sIff gf} b]lv g} k|f/De x'g]u/L kf7\oqmddf /f]huf/d"ns k|fljlws tyf Aofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; ;DaGwL ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/g]5. 55 10=43=5 b'u{d / kftnf] a:tL ePsf If]qx¿df 7"nf laBfno ;~rfngdf Nofpg g;lsg] cj:yfdf ax'sIff lzIf0f Joj:yf cjnDag ul/g]5. 10=43=6 kl/of]hgf sfo{ k|:t'tLs/0f, ;dLIff, snf tyf l;h{gf k/LIf0f, sIffsf]7fdf cfwfl/t jf l;sf¿sf] ;d'bfo jf kl/jf/df cfwfl/t vf]hd'vL sfo{ / ltgsf] ;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg, df}lvs d"Nofª\sg, l;h{gfTds cEof; cflb tl/sfnfO{ k/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf ¿kdf ;+:yfut ul/g]5. 10=43=7 lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s Pj+ k|of]ufTds agfpFb} ljBfyL{x¿df ax'k|ltefsf] ljsf;, l;h{gfTds Ifdtf clea[l4, ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0f / ;~rf/ ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu vf]h tyf cGj]if0fdf cfwfl/t ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfO /0fgLltx¿ cjnDag ug'{sf ;fy} ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/, ¿lr, Ifdtf, kl/j]z nufotsf kIfx¿nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ u[xsfo{ ;DaGwL dfkb08 Pj+ sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/g]5. 10=43=8 ljBfno kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t k7g kf7g k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} kf7\oqmdsf] u'0f:t/LotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t lzIf0f, kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|of]ufTds cEof; h:tf /rgfTds Pj+ ;[hgfTds kIfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ tb\cg'¿k ljBfyL{sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / ;f]r ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw, k|ljlw / k|lqmof cjnDag ul/g]5. 10=43=9 ;ª\3Lo / k|b]z:t/df cgnfOgdf cfwfl/t z}lIfs /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg Rofgnsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5. To:tf ;+:yfx¿n] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw k|of]u u/L z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf cfhLjg l;sfOsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 56 10=43=10 cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff Psb]lv tLg;Dd PsLs[t kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t sIff lzIf0f jf ax'sIff lzIf0f k4lt ckgfOg]5. rf/ sIffeGbf dflyNnf sIffx¿df ljifout lzIf0f k4lt nfu" ul/g]5. To;sf nflu cfjZos ljifout lzIfssf] Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=43=11 kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts sfof{Gjog k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg u/L ;'wf/sf sfo{ ;ª\3 tyf k|b]z b'j} txaf6 x'g] u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=43=12 ax'kf7\ok':ts gLltsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / lghL If]qn] /fli6«o dfkb08sf] cwLgdf /xL kf7\ok':ts ljsf; u/L ax'kf7\ok':ts pknJw u/fOg]5. 10=43=13 :yfgLo kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljBfno / :yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5. kf7\oqmd k'g;{Ë7g / sfof{Gjogsf nflu lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=43=14 ljBfno lzIffdf ckgfOPsf] lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;'wf/ ul/g]5. d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ ax'k|ltef;Fu cfj4 ug{ nfu" ul/Psf] Psn ljifo k|df0fLs/0f k4lt (Single Subject Certification System) sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5. 10=43=15 cfwf/e"t tx -sIff *_ sf] cGTo, dfWolds tx cGtu{t sIff bz / sIff afx|sf] k/LIff j|mdzM :yfgLo, k|b]z / ;+3Lo txaf6 ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=43=16 ljBfyL{ d"NofÍg cGtu{t Jofjxfl/s d"NofÍgsf] ljBdfg k4ltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ k|of]ufTds k/LIff, 57  Jofjxfl/s cEof;, OG6g{;Lk h:tf k/LIf0f ljlwx¿ cjnDag ul/g]5. To:tf] k|of]ufTds d"NofÍg / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t d"NofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f / afXo cl86 :yfgLo txaf6 x'g] k|jGw ul/g]5. gLlt !)=$$ ;a} k|sf/sf ljBfnodf cWofkg ug]{ lzIfssf nflu /fli6«o lzIfs ;Ifdtfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df lzIfs tof/ ug]{ / lzIfs ;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lg/Gt/ k];fut ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{. 10=44=1 xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lzIfs ;Ifdtfsf] k|f?ksf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5. 10=44=2 ljBfno txdf lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf; ug{ k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg'sf ;fy} lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf; sfo{nfO{ ljBfyL{ l;sfO pknAwL;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5. 10=44=3 cfwf/e"t txsf lzIfsn] laifout lzIf0f, ax' sIff lzIf0f, sIff lzIf0f k4lt ;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk xfl;n u/L k7gkf7gdf ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L lzIfs tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=44=4 lzIfs tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t lj1fg, k|ljlw, OlGhlgol/Ë / ul0ft (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics-STEM) ;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿ lzIf0f ug{ lzIfssf] k]zfut bIftf clej[l4 ul/g]5. 10=44=5 lzIfs tflndsf] nflu :yfgLo txsf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]z ;/sf/n] lzIf0f Ps]8]dL jf lzIf0f sn]hl;t ;Demf}tf ug]{ / ;Demf}tf adf]lhd lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; 58  tflnd ;~rfng u/L ;Ifdtf clea[l4 ul/g]5. lzIfsnfO{ k|To]s b'O{ jif{df ;3g k'gtf{huL tflndsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=44=6 :yfgLo txn] ljBfnonfO{ s]G›ljGb' agfP/ lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ k]zfut ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ -si6dfOH8 tflnd, sfo{zfnf, ;]ldgf/, cjnf]sg e|d0f, k|ltljDjg, lzIfs g]6js{, ;xsfof{Tds ¿kdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg - Collaborative Research_, d]G6/Lª, sf]lrª cflb_ ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=44=7 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df ePsf] tLa| ljsf;;Fu} tflnd lbg] k4ltdf ;d]t kl/dfh{g u/L cfdg] ;fdg] -Face To Face_, ljBfnodf cfwfl/t- School-based_, ldl>t -Blended_, cgnfO{g -Online_ tyf er{'cn (Virtual) k4ltaf6 tflnd ;~rfgn ul/g]5. 10=44=8 ;ª\3Lo / k|b]z:t/df /xg] lzIfs tflnd k|bfos lgsfon] j}1flgs cg';Gwfg tyf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd / of]Uo lzIfs tyf k|lzIfssf] ljsf;sf nflu j]e;fO6, cgnfOg 6\o"6f]l/on, 5nkmn kmf]/d, l;Do"n];g, er{"cn Od]lhª h:tf gjLgtd k|ljlwo'Qm k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=44=9 Pp6} laBfno jf l5d]sdf /x]sf ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿aLr k];fut ;fem]bf/L, cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg tyf sIff canf]sg u/L Ps csf{af6 l;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. gLlt !)=$% ljBfno ejg nufot ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljkb\ hf]lvdd'Qm agfpg'sf ;fy} ;a} ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft Pj+ xl/t ljBfnosf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{. 59 10=45=1= :t/Lo dfkb08sf cfwf/df ljBfno tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / l;sfO jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L ljkb\ pTyfgzLn agfOg'sf ;fy} kf7\oj|md, lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mof / lzIfs Jojxf/df ;'wf/ u/L ljBfnonfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;'/lIft agfOg]5. ljBfnox¿nfO{ afnd}qL, 5fqfd}qL, ckfËtfd}qL / ;'/lIft, lx+;f/lxt Pj+ eo/lxt l;sfO s]G›sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=45=2= ;a} ljBfnox¿sf] :t/f]Gglt u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf z}lIfs ;'lawf ;DkGg ljBfnosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5. 10=45=3= ljBfno tyf lzIffno xftfdf vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, v]nd}bfg, ;/;kmfO ls6, k|fylds pkrf/ afs; clgjfo{ ul/g] 5. ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f :jR5, ;kmf, zfGt, ;'/lIft / xl/ofnLo'Qm agfO{ ljBfnonfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL xl/t ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5. æPs ljBfyL{, Ps lj?jfÆ / æPs ljBfno, Ps au}rfÆ sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/L xl/t ljBfno lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLa|tf lbOg] 5. 10=45=4= ljBfno tyf lzIffnox¿df ;'/lIft ljBfno / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;}4flGts Pj+ Jojxf/Ls 1fg lbO{ ljkb\sf] k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{, Go"gLs/0f / k'gnf{e ;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ ljBfno tyf lzIffnosf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsfdf /fvL ;'/lIft ljBfno tyf lzIffno ;DaGwL cg's/0f -Simulation_ / cEof; -Drill_ sf lqmofsnfkx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=45=5= ;a} :yfgLo txn] lzIfs / ljBfyL{df ljkb\n] kfg]{ k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf / z}lIfs k'gnf{esf] 60  Joj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]G›nfO{ ljkb\ l;sfO s]G›sf ¿kdf ;d]t ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=45=6= ljkb\sf ;dodf ljBfno / lzIffno :yfgfGt/0f ug{sf nflu :yfgLo txsf] ;dGjodf ;'/lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / :ofxf/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ;lxt lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu pko'St jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf] ;dGjodf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf nflu ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, hnjfo" kl/jt{g, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg, k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5. 10=45=7= ljBfyL{, lzIfs, cleefjs, :yfgLo tx, ;d'bfo / ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L ljBfnosf] 3]/faf/, v]n d}bfg, ljBfno hfg] cfpg] af6f] / ljBfnosf] cfGtl/s tyf jfXo jftfj/0f kof{j/0fd}qL, afnd}qL, n}ª\lusd}qL Pj+ ckfª\utfd}qL agfOg]5. gLlt !)=$^ ljBfno cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k|lj|mofnfO{ ljs]lGb|t u/L ljBfno / :yfgLo txaf6 k|fljlws ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{. 10=46=1 ljBfno lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm agfpg :yfgLo txaf6} lgoldt cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / ;'kl/j]If0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. :yfgLo txaf6 cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ubf{ cj:yfcg';f/ :ynut tyf ljB'tLo b'a} k|sf/af6 x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5. 61  10=46=2 k/LIff / d"Nofª\sgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{, glthf ljZn]if0f ug]{ / glthfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO ;'wf/ of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] h:tf sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5. 10=46=3 :yfgLotxn] ljBfnosf] ;du| cj:yf / ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5. 10=46=4 ;'kl/j]Ifssf] Go"gtd of]Uotf :gftsf]Q/ sfod u/L lzIff k|zf;g tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ;DaGwL tflnd clgjfo{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. 10=46=5 k|b]z txdf ;d]t ljBfno tyf k|fljlws lzIffno lg/LIf0fsf nflu k|fb]lzs lzIff lg/LIfs Joj:yf u/L lg/LIf0fsf] Aoa:yf ldnfOg]5. 10=46=6 ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ ljBfnodf cfwfl/t agfpg ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks, cg'ejL lzIfs jf d]G6/ / ;dsIfL lzIfsaf6 ;'k]l/j]If0f ug]{ kl/kf6L z'¿ ul/g]5. 10=46=7 ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo txdf lzIff If]qsf] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;+:yfut ;+oGq, k|lqmof, dfkb08 / ;"rs lgwf{/0f u/L tLg} txsf ;/sf/ / cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf] lhDd]jf/L Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtf ls6fg ul/g]5. gLlt !)=$& ;+3Lo lzIff x]g]{ dGqfnon] cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds laBfnosf u'0f:t/dfgs tyf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog tyf cfjlws ;dLIff ug]{. 10=47=1 k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] If]q leqsf cfwf/e"t ljBfnosf] x/]s aif{ ef}lts cj:yf, z}lIfs cj:yf, l;sfO jftfj/0f, l;sfO pknlAw :t/, afnaflnsfsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g, lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/, laBfno– ;d'bfo ;DaGw, z}lIfs g]t[Tj, ;|f]t