Unit 1 Review PDF

Unit 1 Review: *Review the diagrams in the lessons, be comfortable labeling *Create your study notes/cue cards, review this regularly *Complete all unit assigned work/practice *Watch all supporting videos Nutrition - Practice Quiz M...

Unit 1 Review: *Review the diagrams in the lessons, be comfortable labeling *Create your study notes/cue cards, review this regularly *Complete all unit assigned work/practice *Watch all supporting videos Nutrition - Practice Quiz Multiple Choice: 1. The primary use for lipids is: a) short-term energy source b) facilitate chemical reactions c) stores energy for later use d) carrier for oxygen in the blood 2. What is the basic structure of lipids? a) Glycerol and three fatty acid chains b) Amino acids linked by peptide bonds c) Single sugar units d) Polysaccharides 3. Proteins are made up of: a) Monosaccharides b) Amino acids c) Fatty acids d) Simple sugars True or False: 4. Carbohydrates always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the same proportion. 5. Lipids are soluble in water. 6. Proteins serve as building blocks for tissues and enzymes. 7. Sodium is important for conducting nerve signals and balancing body fluids 8. Vitamin D is mainly found in vegetables. Answer Key: Multiple Choice: 1. c) Stores energy for later use 2. a) Glycerol and three fatty acid chains 3. b) Amino acids True or False: 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False  Digestive System Multiple Choice: 1. What is the primary function of the small intestine? a) Absorb water b) Break down fats c) Absorb nutrients d) Produce bile 2. What enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins into amino acids in the stomach? a) Lipase b) Pepsin c) Amylase d) Trypsin 3. Which accessory organ stores and releases bile? a) Liver b) Gallbladder c) Pancreas d) Appendix 4. What is the role of the appendix in the digestive system? a) Digestion of proteins b) Storage of bile c) Absorption of water d) Contains helpful bacteria 5. What is the function of villi in the small intestine? a) Absorb nutrients b) Produce bile c) Store water d) Break down fats 6. What is the primary function of the large intestine? a) Absorb nutrients b) Produce bile c) Absorb water d) Break down proteins 7. Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth? a) Lipase b) Pepsin c) Amylase d) Trypsin 8. What is the function of the pyloric sphincter? a) Control the release of bile b) Control the release of chyme into the small intestine c) Control the release of saliva d) Control the release of gastric juice True or False: 9. The liver produces bile that aids in the breakdown of proteins. 10. The pancreas releases enzymes into the stomach to aid in digestion. 11. Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine for efficient absorption of nutrients 12. The large intestine primarily functions to break down fats. 13. The appendix contains helpful bacteria that aid in digestion. Drawing Questions: 14. Sketch the process of peristalsis in the esophagus. Short Answer: 15. Explain the role of bile in the digestion of fats. 16. Describe the function of peristalsis in the digestive system. 17. Discuss the importance of enzymes in digestion. 18. How does the small intestine facilitate nutrient absorption? 19. What are the functions of saliva in the digestive process? Answer Key: Multiple Choice: 1. c) Absorb nutrients 2. b) Pepsin  3. b) Gallbladder 4. d) Contains helpful bacteria 5. a) Absorb nutrients 6. c) Absorb water 7. c) Amylase 8. b) Control the release of chyme into the small intestine True or False: 9. False (breakdown of fats) 10. False (The pancreas releases enzymes into the small intestine, not the stomach.) 11. True 12. False (The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water.) 13. True Short Answer: 15. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets to increase the efficiency of fat digestion by lipases. 16. Peristalsis is a series of coordinated muscle contractions that propel food along the digestive tract, facilitating its movement from the mouth to the anus. 17. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involved in the breakdown of food molecules into smaller, absorbable components during digestion. 18. The small intestine has villi and microvilli that increase its surface area, facilitating the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. 19. Saliva moistens food, contains enzymes (e.g., amylase) that begin the digestion of carbohydrates, and aids in swallowing and speech. Respiratory System Multiple Choice: 1. Which is the correct order of air flow from the external environment to the alveoli? a) mouth/nose, larynx, pharynx, bronchioles, trachea, alveoli b) mouth/nose, pharynx, esophagus, bronchi, alveoli c) mouth/nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli d) mouth/nose, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli 2. Which physical characteristics of the alveoli make them ideal structures for gas exchange? a) They are large and rigid b) They are lined with smooth muscle c) They have a dense bed of blood capillaries and thin walls d) They contain cartilage for support 3. During inhalation, which muscles contract and expand? a) Internal intercostals and diaphragm b) External intercostals and diaphragm c) Diaphragm only d) External intercostals only 4. What is the role of the medulla oblongata in controlling breathing? a) It measures pH levels in the blood b) It dilates or constricts the bronchioles c) It regulates the breathing rate based on oxygen levels d) It coordinates speech and vocal training True or False: 5. The glottis is protected by the epiglottis during swallowing. 6. Hyperventilation can lead to increased blood pH levels. 7. Sneezing and coughing are automatic reflexes used to clear excess mucus from the airway. 8. Carbon monoxide poisoning can result in decreased oxygen transport in the bloodstream. 9. Pneumonia is caused by abnormal dilation of bronchioles. Diagram Questions: 10. Draw and label the structure of the respiratory system, including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. 11. Illustrate how gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, including the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Drawing Questions: 12. Sketch the mechanism of inhalation, showing the expansion of the rib cage and the movement of the diaphragm. 13. Draw a diagram comparing a healthy alveolus with an alveolus affected by pneumonia, indicating any structural differences. Short Answer: 14. Describe the safety features of the respiratory system that protect the lungs from foreign matter. 15. Explain how the transport of gases, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide, occurs in the bloodstream. 16. Discuss the role of the medulla oblongata in controlling breathing and maintaining homeostasis. 17. What are the potential consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning on the body's oxygen transport system? 18. How does asthma affect the respiratory system, and what are its common causes? Answer Key: Multiple Choice: 1. c) mouth/nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles 2. c) They have a dense bed of blood capillaries and thin walls 3. b) External intercostals and diaphragm 4. c) It regulates the breathing rate based on oxygen levels True or False: 5. True 6. True  7. True 8. True 9. False Diagram Questions: 10. (a) epiglottis, (b) ribs, (c) diaphragm, (d) pharynx, (e) trachea, (f) lungs, (g) bronchi, (h) bronchioles Short Answer: 14. The respiratory system has built-in safety features such as the presence of mucus and cilia in the airways, the presence of the epiglottis to protect the glottis during swallowing, and reflex actions like sneezing and coughing to expel foreign matter. 15. Oxygen is primarily transported in the bloodstream by binding to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide is carried both dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin. These gases diffuse into and out of the bloodstream at the alveoli. 16. The medulla oblongata monitors pH levels in the blood and adjusts the breathing rate accordingly. If pH levels become too low due to increased carbon dioxide levels, the medulla increases the breathing rate to expel excess carbon dioxide and restore pH balance. 17. Carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to decreased oxygen transport in the bloodstream because carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, reducing the amount of oxygen available for binding. 18. Asthma affects the respiratory system by causing abnormal constriction of bronchioles, leading to difficulty breathing. Common causes include exercise-induced triggers, allergies, and stress. Circulatory System Multiple Choice: 19. What is the main function of the circulatory system? a) Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs b) Supplies the heart itself with oxygenated blood c) Carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body d) All of the above 20. Which component of blood is responsible for gas transport? a) Platelets b) Plasma c) Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) d) Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) 21. What is the function of granulocytes in the blood? a) Gas transport b) Blood clotting c) Body defense and immunity d) Oxygenation of tissues 22. Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Venules 23. How is blood pressure expressed? a) Systolic pressure only b) Diastolic pressure only c) Both systolic and diastolic pressure d) Pulse rate True or False: 24. Varicose veins occur when damage is done to the valves in the veins of the lower legs. 25. Shock can be caused by the mass dilation of arteries throughout the body. 26. The lymphatic system is not part of the circulatory system. 27. Fainting can occur due to decreased circulation to the brain. Diagram Questions: 28. Draw and label the structure of an artery, including its layers and any unique features. 29. Illustrate the process of blood clotting, indicating the role of platelets and clotting factors. 30. Label the parts of the heart. Drawing Questions: 31. Sketch the pathway of blood through the heart, starting with deoxygenated blood and ending with oxygenated blood. 32. Draw a diagram explaining how blood pressure is regulated by the dilation and constriction of arteries. Short Answer: 33. Describe the main components of blood and their functions. 34. Explain the process of blood clotting and discuss the risks associated with it. 35. How does the lymphatic system contribute to the circulatory system? 36. Discuss the role of arteries, veins, and capillaries in the circulation of blood throughout the body. 37. What factors can contribute to hypertension, and why is it considered a "silent killer"? Answer Key: Multiple Choice: 1. d) All of the above 2. c) Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 3. c) Body defense and immunity 4. a) Arteries 5. c) Both systolic and diastolic pressure True or False: 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True Diagram Questions: 10. (a) superior vena cava, (b) right atrium, (c) pulmonary valves, (d) inferior vena cava, (e) right ventricle, (f) aorta, (g) left atrium, (h) left ventricle, (i) atrioventricular valves, (j) septum Short Answer: 15. Blood consists of plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Erythrocytes transport oxygen, leukocytes are involved in immune responses, and platelets aid in blood clotting. 16. Blood clotting, or coagulation, involves the activation of clotting factors and the formation of a fibrin mesh to stop bleeding. Risks include thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage. 17. The lymphatic system collects excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. It also plays a role in immune defense by filtering pathogens and producing lymphocytes. 18. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, and capillaries facilitate gas exchange and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues. 19. Hypertension can be caused by genetics, kidney disease, age, diet, and other factors. It is considered a "silent killer" because it often shows no symptoms until a serious event like a heart attack or stroke occurs.