Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy Prof. Mohammed Z. Allouh Images included in this presentation were adapted from the following textbooks: Principles of Human Anatomy, 13th ed. Gerard Tortora & Mark Nielsen. Copyrights © 2014 John Wile...

Introduction to Human Anatomy Prof. Mohammed Z. Allouh Images included in this presentation were adapted from the following textbooks: Principles of Human Anatomy, 13th ed. Gerard Tortora & Mark Nielsen. Copyrights © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 9th ed. Richard S. Snell. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley, Anne M. R. Agur. Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 4th ed. Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. Weir & Abrahams’ Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy, 15th ed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Limited. 1  What is Anatomy Origin: Greek  Anatomia Ana: Separate Tomia: To cut up Anatomy was first studied by dissection. dis: apart section: cutting Human Anatomy: the study of the structure of the human body, and the spatial relationships of its constituent parts to each other. Approaches to Studying Anatomy Systemic Anatomy by following organ systems throughout the body (respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular, …) Regional Anatomy by regional parts of the body (head, thorax, abdomen, …) All aspects of a certain region are studied at the same time  better for relationship purpose Surface Anatomy relationship of body surface to its deeper parts physical examination of the patients is an extension of S.A. 2  Clinical Anatomy The Science that emphasizes on the practical application of anatomical knowledge to the solution of clinical problems The applied anatomy in the practice of Medicine, which includes: Performing a proper physical examination (listening to heart rhythms, interpreting X-rays & CT scans) Recognizing the underlying cause of certain clinical conditions (Angina pectoris, asthma, hernia) Applying accurate surgical procedures (open appendectomy, endoscopic surgeries) 3  Attendance Medical Terminology “The Language of Medicine” 4  Anatomical & Medical Terminology Healthcare professionals use a special language with specific terms for communication (Medical terminology = The Language of Medicine) 50% of medical terms  Anatomy Anatomical Terminology: Terms related to position Terms related to movement Descriptive terms ** All these terms are based on the assumption that the person is standing in a standard reference position (the Anatomical Position). Anatomical (Reference) Position The person: - Stands upright (erect) on his feet - Has the head level and eyes facing directly forward - Has the upper limbs by the side of the body with the hand palms facing forward - Has the ankles close together with the feet flat on floor and parallel to each other 5  Clinically Related Positions Supine Position: The patient lies on his back with the face up Prone Position: The patient lies on his abdomen (stomach) with the face down or to the side Fowler’s Position: The patient is in the sitting position with the back elevated   15-45 (Low, typically 30 ), 45 (standard),  or 45-90 (high, typically 60 ) Terms Related to Position Superior: near the head (above) Inferior: near the feet (below) Anterior: nearer to front Posterior: nearer to back Ventral: toward the belly Dorsal: toward the back Lateral: far from middle Medial: nearer to middle Median: in the middle 6  Terms Related to Position Terms used mostly with the Limbs Proximal: Closer to the head near the origin of the structure Distal: Farther from the head far from the origin of the structure Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body Dorsum: posterior surface of hand or superior (upper) surface of foot Palm: anterior surface of hand Sole: inferior (lower) surface of foot 7  Terms Related to Position Terms used mostly in Neuroanatomy Cranial Cranial: Toward the head (Superior) Rostral Caudal: Toward the tail (Inferior) Rostral: Toward the nose Caudal (anterior) Positional Planes Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane passing from anterior to posterior (divides the body into right and left sides) Coronal (Frontal) Plane: A vertical plane passing from side to side at right angle to the sagittal plane Transverse (Horizontal, axial) Plane: Passing at right angles to sagittal & coronal planes (divides the body into upper & lower parts) 8 9 Review: what positional plane is this? 10 Review: what positional plane is this? Review: what positional plane is this? 11  End of Lecture 1 Terms Related to Movement Flexion: bending of a body part, or decreasing the angle between body parts 12  Extension (from extend): straightening a body part, or increasing the angle between body parts in sagittal plane Abduction: moving away from the body in coronal plane Adduction: moving toward the body in coronal plane 13  Circumduction: the circular movement of the limbs, that combining the movements of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction Pronation: medial rotation of forearm & hand -The palm faces posteriorly Supination: lateral rotation of forearm & hand -The palm faces anteriorly 14 Inversion: moving the foot inward Eversion: moving the foot outward Protrusion: moving the mandible forward (anteriorly) Retrusion: moving the mandible backward (posteriorly) 15  Attendance Descriptive Terms Spaces & depressions: Fissure: long narrow cutting space (opening) Foramen: rounded opening Groove: shallow linear depression (sulcus in the brain) Fossa: depression on the surface (rounded or irregular) Notch: a depression on the border of the bone Cavity: Completely surrounded space (roofed space) Elevations: Process: long sharp elevation (usually thin) Tubercle: short elevation but wider than process Tuberosity: very wide elevation Ridge or Crest: linear elevation 16  Superior & Inferior Orbital Fissures Costal Groove Bicepital Groove 17  Brain Sulci Infraspinous Fossa 18 Styloid process Tubercle 19  Basic Tissue Structure Skin: Epidermis & Dermis (microscopic) Fascia: Superficial Fascia: subcutaneous ?, Fxn.? Deep fascia: tough.., Fxn? Covers, protects and unifies Muscle: Skeletal, Smooth & cardiac Bone: Classified based on; location (axial, appendicular) shape (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid) Example: Like building a house 20  Muscles Skeletal: movement & energy storage Smooth: hollow tubes of the body (intestine, blood vessels) Cardiac: myocardium 21 Axial & Appendicular Skeletons Types of Bones 22  End of Lecture 2 Joints Between Bones Fibrous: The surfaces of 2 bones meet together with fibrous tissue in between (no movement like skull sutures) bone – Cartilaginous: Fibrocartilage separates between the surfaces of 2 bones bone - Two types: 1o (no movement) & 2o (limited movement) Synovial: a cavity is present between 2 bones bone -  free range of movement (shoulder & knee) 23  Skull Sutures (fibrous) Intervertebral Joints (2 Cartilaginous) 24  Synovial Joints bone-space-bone  free range of movement *most joints in the body are synovial* 4 rules: 1- space: synovial cavity 2- fluid: synovial fluid 3- membrane: synovial membrane 4- capsule & ligaments: fibrous capsule & supporting ligaments Synovial Joints Shoulder joint Knee joint 25  Types of Synovial Joints 6 types 1. Planar (plane): - between flat surfaces  gliding movement (but limited) i.e. intercarpal & intertarsal Joints, - permit movement in two axes (biaxial) 2. Hinge: - between convex & concave surfaces  angular (open & close) motion i.e. elbow interphalangeal - permit movement around a single axis (uniaxial) 3. Pivot: - pointed bony surface  ring-shaped bone  rotational movement i.e. atlanto-axial joint (as nodding your head “NO”) radio-ulnar joint - uniaxial 4. Condyloid (ellipsoidal): - oval bony projection (smooth head) fits into oval depression of another bone i.e. atlanto-occipital joint wrist joint, & TMJ - biaxial 26 5. Saddle-shaped: saddle-shaped surface  as a sitting rider would sit *modified condyloid joint i.e. trapezium & thumb metacarpal - biaxial 6. Ball & Socket (spheroid) ball-like bony surface  cuplike depression  circumduction around horizontal axes and rotation around a vertical axis i.e. shoulder joint hip joint *only triaxial joint* Arthritis Inflammation of the joints in which joints are swollen & painful 3 types 1. Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease in which cartilage is gradually lost due to continuous friction “wear-and-tear” - most common - affects large joints (knee & hip) Risk factors: a combination of aging & ? 2. Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues (joint cartilage) - usually bilateral - affects smaller joints first 27 3. Gouty arthritis (GOUT): ‫مرض النقرص‬ Deposition of sodium urate crystals in the joints which produces acute pain & swelling of the joint due to accumulation of uric acid in the blood uric acid + Na  sodium urate salt crystals *most often: feet & hands “Disease of Kings” ‫مرض الملوك‬ 28