Module 2.3 - Extension Historical Antecedents PDF

What is the value of history?  THE CONTEXT Module 2AGRICULTURAL OF EXTENSION 2.1 Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.2. Extension’s Role in Sustainable Agricultural Development 2.3. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Be...

What is the value of history?  THE CONTEXT Module 2AGRICULTURAL OF EXTENSION 2.1 Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.2. Extension’s Role in Sustainable Agricultural Development 2.3. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.4. Extension in the Philippine Setting 2.5. Agricultural extension policies in the Philippines Agricultural Systems Institute DACidro College of Agriculture and Food Module 2.3 EXTENSION HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Early Beginnings Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food  OUTLINE o Ancient origin o Early British Extension: Stirrings in the 19th Century England o The Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Services o The American Legacy o Necessary Conditions for Extension to Evolve Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food MODULE OBJECTIVES At the end of this Module, you should be able to: 1. Describe the ancient history of Extension and its development in the UK; 2. Discuss the emergence of modern agricultural extension; 3. Discuss the significant events to the development of the cooperative extension in the US; and 4. Describe the necessary conditions for Extension to evolve. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food ANCIENT ORIGIN Mesopotamia, 1800 B.C. - archaeologists have unearthed clay tablets of the time on which were inscribed advice on watering crops and getting rid of rats Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food …ANCIENT ORIGIN Egypt, c. 1740 B.C. – an advice from a slave prisoner to the Pharaoh on how to deal with impending drought saved the Egyptians from famine - Genesis 41 AGRI 61 – Agricultural Extension and Communication …ANCIENT ORIGIN 800 B.C. - the minister of agriculture under one of the China’s Zhou dynasty emperors organized the teaching of crop rotation and drainage to farmers Reading: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W5830E/w5830e03.htm Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food BRITISH EXTENSION: Stirrings in the 19th Century 1850 – “extension education” program – discussions on how universities could serve the educational needs of the rapidly growing populations in the industrial, urban area near to their homes 1867 – “university extension” was first used as the university’s extension education program, which provided lectures on: literary and social topics (1867) agricultural subjects (1890’s) Became well-established movement in the late 19th century Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food …Stirrings in the 19 Century Lord Henry Brougham – founded in 1826 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, which objective was “imparting useful information to all classes of the community, particularly to such as are unable to avail themselves of experienced teachers or may prefer learning by themselves.” Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Services 1845-1851 – The Great Irish Famine caused by Potato blight moved the British Government to send itinerant lecturers called “practical instructors” to teach small farmers cultivate alternative crops Through the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland, they were centrally appointed, deployed, and paid; in turn they reported weekly Funded by landowners, charitable donations and the government Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Italy and France adopted a system of travelling instructors learning from the lessons of the Great Famine Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food LEGACY OF UNITED STATES Agricultural Societies – chartered state societies organized on a county and community basis to acquaint farmer-members with what was being done to improve agriculture, to encourage the formation of other local agricultural organizations, and to disseminate agricultural information. Farmers’ Institutes – a community meeting covering a period of two to three days and devoted to a discussion of agricultural problems and subjects relating to the home. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food...LEGACY OF UNITED STATES Land Grant Institution - also called land-grant college or land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 Cooperative Extension – an out-of-school system of education, which is a partnership between the government, the land-grant institutions, and the people, which provides service and education designed to meet the needs of the people for their development Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Legal Enactments 1 First Morril 8 Established the Land Grant 6 Act College 2 Established state Agricultural 1 Experiment Stations and the 8 Hatch Act cooperative bond between the USDA 8 and the nation’s land grant 7 1 Second colleges to conduct extension Increased the federal financial 8 activities 9 Morril Act support for Land Grant Colleges 0 1 Smith-Lever Established the US Cooperative 9 1 Act Extension Services in the land grant 4 colleges Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food  JAMES STUART JOHN PAUL LEAGANS SEAMAN University Extension Extension Education KNAPP Field Demonstration FATHERS IN EXTENSI EVERETT M. NIELS ROLING ROGERS Agricultural ON AGRI 61 – Agricultural Diffusion of Innovation Extension Knowledge Systemsand LESSONS LEARNED: Necessary Conditions For Extension To Evolve 1 Information has been assembled, systematized and made available on good, progressive, or new agricultural practices suited to a particular environment, and is based on either or both the accumulation of 2 experience or findings This information is used among other things, to educate from research professional agriculturalists who may further enlarge or refine this body of knowledge or become active promoters and disseminators of it. An appropriate administrative or organizational structure exists within which the dissemination activities may be established and conducted Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food 3 There is a legislative or some other official mandate or influential proponents, which prescribes or enables that agricultural extension work is desirable and must occur 4 There are invariably a variety of antecedents, which have attempted protoforms (basic frames, used until a more suitable form can be found) of agricultural information and advice dissemination Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food 5 The incidence of critical situations, such as famine, crop failure, soil exhaustion, or altered economic conditions or relationship may create an immediate cause for initiating the organization of extension work in the form of mass campaigns Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food For inquiries: DARIO A. CIDRO, PhD Assistant Professor of Agricultural Extension Division of Agricultural Extension and Rural Studies (DAERS) Agricultural Systems Institute (ASI) College of Agriculture and Food Science (CAFS) Tel (049) 536-2459 Mobile Phone: (0928) 507-0269 [email protected] Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food