CHAPTER-II.pdf

CHAPTER II HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF EXTENSION A. Early Beginnings Agricultural Extension plays a great role in the agricultural development process. It is interesting as well as useful to understand how the concept of agricultural...

CHAPTER II HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF EXTENSION A. Early Beginnings Agricultural Extension plays a great role in the agricultural development process. It is interesting as well as useful to understand how the concept of agricultural extension started and how it has evolved over the past years. History of Extension in United Kingdom (Britain) The term “extension” was first used to describe adult education programs organized by Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England in 1867. The Cambridge University in England had first introduced ‘’Extension Education’’ in 1873. The program was dedicated to the dissemination of knowledge to rural people where they lived and worked. Afterwards, the program had spread to other parts of Britain, Europe and North America. Extension work was applied as an out-of-school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing. The birth of the modern extension service has been attributed to events that took place in Ireland in the middle of the 19th century. Between 1845–51 the Irish potato crop was destroyed by fungal diseases and a severe famine occurred. The British Government, through the Earl of Clarendon, arranged for "practical instructors" or itinerant lecturers to travel to rural areas and teach small farmers how to cultivate alternative crops. This scheme attracted the attention of government officials in Germany, who organized their own system of traveling instructors. By the end of the 19th century, the idea had spread to Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, and France. History of Extension in United States (US) In the United States, the term ‘extension education’ has been used since the early 1900s through the Morrill Act of 1862, also known as the Land Grant College Act by President Abraham Lincoln. The grant was originally set up to establish institutions in each state that would educate people in agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, and other professions that were practical at the time. The land-grant act was introduced by a congressman from Vermont named Justin Smith Morrill. He envisioned the financing of agricultural and mechanical education. He wanted to assure that education would be available to those in all social classes especially to the sons of toil. The term ‘’Agricultural Extension’’ was only adopted in 1914 when the United States Federal Smith-Lever Act of 1914 formalized a nationwide cooperative federal-state-county program. The goal of Smith-Lever Act in 1914 is to establish the Cooperative Extension Service, which is a state-by-state network of educators who "extend" university knowledge to people throughout the country. Cooperative Extension is an educational partnership between the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the nation's land-grant universities. In the beginning, agricultural extension was concerned primarily with the improvement of agriculture, using conventional teaching methods. As time went on, home economics, youth programs and rural community resource development were included. Agricultural extension spread to tropical Africa, the Caribbean, Asia and Latin America following the involvement of the United States of America (USA) in bilateral AID programs after the Second World War. It is important to note that the US Cooperative Extension system is one of the older models of extension that has proved very successful. This model is also known as ‘transfer of technology’ because technology is developed on research stations and universities and then transferred through extension agents to farmers. History of Extension in Selected Countries The term Extension was used by most European countries as they developed and/or expanded similar advisory services within their respective Ministries of Agriculture. The birth of modern agricultural extension services in Europe includes: 1841 - The Royal Agricultural Improvement Society (RAIS) in Britain was founded. 1845 - The first agricultural extension service came into existence as a result of the outbreak of the potato blight in Europe (Ireland) where the predominantly peasant community relied on potatoes as staple food. 1847 - The Earl of Clarendon, urged the RAIS to appoint lecturers to travel around the distressed districts to inform and teach small farmers how to improve their farming and grow other nutrient rich crops. 1890’s - Universities incorporated agricultural subjects in their lectures. B. Extension in the Philippines Significant changes in the organization of the extension service in the Philippines from its establishment in 1565 to the present describe the emerging dimensions of extension and their implication to certain aspects of the service delivery system in the country. Following the history of agricultural extension in the Philippines is a discussion of the legacy policies and programs in agriculture attributed to the past and present administrators. Extension During the Spanish Era (1521 – 1898) 1565 - extension work started with the establishment of the Granja Modelos or model farms by the first Spanish missionaries in their attempt to educate farmers who grew rice, corn and tobacco in large encomiendas that served as: 1) experimental stations of the Spanish government; and 2) demonstrations farms for farmers The model farms were later transformed into Settlement Farm Schools Towards the end of the 18th century - the regulatory functions such as the supervision of tobacco fields and the grading of tobacco leaves for export were provided by the extension service. Extension During the American Regime (1899-1940) October 8, 1901 - Start of a more serious attempt at “extension work” under the American Regime. April 30, 1902 - Establishment of the Bureau of Agriculture under the Department of Interior. July 1910 - The Demonstration and Extension Division was created in the Bureau of Agriculture for the implementation of extension and research programs. - Agricultural schools were also established to educate and train government agricultural extension workers. July 10, 1919 - The Extension and Demonstration Division was made as a separate unit of the Bureau of Agriculture. - Expanded its activity to include 1) farmers’ cooperative organizations, 2) rural credit, 3) marketing, and 4) animal insurance - Persons engaged in this work were called “Farm Advisers” 1923 - The name Demonstration and Extension Division was changed to Agricultural Extension Service - Ms. Maria Y. Orosa (mother of Extension in the Philippines) founded the home extension service, starting as a unit under the Organic Chemistry Division of the Bureau of Science. - Home Extension work was started in the Division of Organic Chemistry of the Bureau of Science mainly on food preservation. 1925 - The Food Preservation of the Organic Chemistry was organized. Activities includes food preparation, food preservation, home management and demonstration work. 1929 - The Bureau of Agriculture was reorganized forming the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI). Both Bureaus continued to expand their extension activities. 1932 - The Demonstration and Extension Division was renamed to Agricultural Division. - BPI’s Agricultural Extension Division was renamed to Agriculture Division, which carried out extension services until Commonwealth Act was passed. 1933 - The Fiber Standardization Board was abolished and the Fiber Inspection Service was returned to the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. - Food Preservation Division of the Bureau of Science was made a special division of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce and was called the Division of Economics. 1933- 1936 - The Division of Home Economics was transferred to the Bureau of Plant Industry and merged with the Utilization Division. Extension During the Japanese Occupation (1942-1945) During the Japanese occupation, home economics and agricultural extension work, particularly in the provinces suffered drawbacks. On the whole, extension work was paralyzed. By 1945, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines had ended and the Philippines' efforts at reconstruction began at high gear. Extension in Post-War Period (1946-1964) 1947 - The Home Extension Unit of the Plant Utilization Division of the BPI was fused with the Agricultural Extension Unit of the Bureau. - The 4H club work was started by the Agricultural Extension Division 1949 - The Philippine Government requested the USA for the deployment of Economic Survey Mission to look over into the post-war situation of the country. - The Bell Report, named after the chief of the Mission, Daniel W. Bell recommended among other things that the agricultural extension services of the government be consolidated under one administration for the sake of efficiency. July 16, 1952 - Congress enacted Republic Act No. 680 creating the Bureau of Agricultural Extension (BAEx). This was in response to the recommendation of the Bell Survey Mission that all the extension activities of the DA become the responsibility of the BAEx. - The BAEx was responsible for the three-phase program of farm improvement, home management, and youth development. - All extension activities of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources became the responsibility of the Bureau of Agricultural Extension. August 8, 1953 - The BAEx was renamed Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC) placed under the Office of the President by the enactment of the Republic Act 3844 known as the Land Reform Act. - The Agricultural Tenancy Commission, the Agricultural Credit Administration, and the Land Bank were placed at the “crest of the land reform program.” - The function of the APC was broadened to accelerate “progressive improvement in the productivity of farms, the advancement of farmers, and the strengthening of the existing agricultural services through the consolidation of all promotional, educational, and informational activities pertaining to agriculture.” 1954 - EO No. 57 was signed creating the Community Development Council (CDPC). The council is tasked to coordinate and integrate on a national scale, the efforts of various governmental and civic agencies to improve the living conditions of the people. 1956 - EO No. 156 was issued to create the office of the Presidential Assistant on Community Development (PACD). PACD was assigned to plan and implement the Philippine National Community Development Program, coordinate and integrate the activities of all and each department of government engage in community development. 1957 - There was a shift in the direction of agricultural extension policies and programs to address the problem on low rice and corn production. 1958 - The Rice and Corn Production Coordinating Council (RCPCC) was organized as the highest governing body to exercise direct control and management over the Rice and Corn Production Program. 1959 - The RCPCC was organized as the highest policy making and coordinating body. 1964 - EO No. 62 was promulgated to emphasize rice and corn production. It created the Rice and Corn Authority (RCA) which replaced the RCPCC. - The RCA extend credit for seeds, pesticides and harvesting. Fertilizer subsidy program was also given to participating farmers. Pre-Martial Law Period (1965-1972) 1965 - Reconceptualization of the rice self-sufficiency program to include rice production, marketing, and distribution, and the consolidation integration and concentration of government as well as private sector resources. 1966 - EO No. 38 changed the Presidential Assistant for Community Development to Presidential Arm For Community Development at the same time elevating the PACD to cabinet rank. - EO No. 64 was revoked while executive Order No. 50 was issued to restore the power and responsibility for the implementation of the Rice and Corn Production program. 1967 - RA 188 granted autonomous powers to the local governments, decentralization the functions of the Bureau. 1969 - The National Food and Agriculture Council (NFAC) was created by virtue of the EO No. 183. The NFAC performed the functions of RCPCC with the additional responsibility of the coordination, administration, and implementation of the national program of self- sufficiency in food stuffs. Martial Law Period (1972-1981) 1972 - Declaration of Martial Law and several organizational changes affecting agricultural extension took place: - Presidential Decree No. 1 and Presidential Letter of Implementation dated November 1, 1972 reverted the APC to its original name, the BAEx;  - Functions and personnel of cooperatives were transferred to the Department of Local Government and Community Development; - EO No. 50 was issued to restore power and responsibility to the RCPCC for the implementation of the Rice and Corn Production Program - Presidential Decree 970 – abolished the Bureau of Farm Management of the DAR and its extension function was transferred to BAEx. 1977 - A World Bank Mission appraised the Philippine’s agricultural extension service upon request of the Philippine Government. - The Philippine Agricultural Extension service was strengthened with facilities and resources, both softwares and hardwares, acquired by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food through its World Bank assisted National Extension Program. 1978 - Presidential Decree No. 1579 and Letter of Instruction No. 595 creating ministry-wide regional offices in the Ministry of Agriculture; appointment of 75 PAO in 1980. - Executive Order No. 967 - renamed the Ministry of Agriculture into the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF); transferred BFAR from the Ministry of Natural Resources to the MAF. 1980 - The structural set-up of the Ministry of Agriculture was streamlined for a more unified extension service. - Twelve ministry-wide regional directors and 24 Assistant Regional Directors (1 livestock and 1 for crops in each region) were appointed followed by the appointment of 75 Provincial Agricultural Officers. Post-Martial Law Period (1982-1986) 1982 - EO 803 was established. It recognized the political will as a vital factor in agricultural development. - Provinces were designated the political unit of management for inducing agricultural development, coordination, and supervision of operations for agricultural service. It was then the responsibility of the provincial governor. 1987 - Executive Order No. 116 merged the BAEx, the Philippine Agricultural Training Council, and the Philippine Training Center for Rural Development (PTCRD) into the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI). - The ATI is mandated to be: 1) responsible for the training of all agricultural extension worker and their clientele who are mostly farmers and other agricultural workers; 2) ensure their training programs address the real needs of the agricultural sector; 3) ensure that the research results are them communicated to the farmers through the appropriate training and extension activities. 1991 - Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code) devolving the agricultural extension and training activities to the LGUs to ensure the delivery of basic services in the agricultural extension system. Ferdinand Marcos’ Administration (1956-1986) Second half of - the Marcos regime paid more attention in the development of and the 1970s agriculture rural sectors, including agribusiness. - The New Society Period began on September 21, 1972, with Proclamation No. 1081. The whole nation was declared a land reform region five days after Martial Law was declared, and the Agrarian Reform Program was enacted at the same time. - The following legislations were enacted under the Marcos administration: 1) Republic Act No. 6389 (Code of Agrarian Reform)- An Act amending Republic Act No. 3844 otherwise known as the Agricultural Land Reform Code. This Act is concerned with the agrarian reforms in the Philippines.  It aims to establish cooperative cultivatorships and therefore divert landlord capital in agricultural development. It also aims to increase agricultural productivity and farm income through a system of production, processing, marketing, distribution, credit and services. 2) Republic Act No. 6390 (Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund) of 1971, which established the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthened farmers' positions and broadened the scope of agrarian reform. - On September 26, 1972, Marcos declared Presidential Decree No. 2, which stated that the country was declared to be in the midst of a land reform initiative. It ordered all government departments and offices to provide the DAR with full cooperation and assistance. - The Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council was also activated. - Land reform was limited to tenanted rice and maize fields by Presidential DecreeNo. 27, signed on October 21, 1972. Corazon Aquino’s Administration (1986-1992) - Under the Aquino administration, a constitution was passed that states: "The State must support comprehensive rural development and agricultural reform" (Section 21 of Article II of the Philippine Constitution). June 10, 1988 - Aquino signed Republic Act No. 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). An Act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes. - It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small independent farmers, regardless of the tenurial arrangement. - It also aims to provide landowners equality in terms of income and opportunities, empower land owner beneficiaries to have equitable land ownership, enhance agricultural production and productivity, provide employment to more agricultural workers, and put an end to conflicts regarding land ownership. - She enacted the following policies that benefited farmers and the agricultural industry: July 16, 1987 - Executive Order No. 228 allowed qualified farmer- beneficiaries protected under PD 27 entire ownership. It also defined the valuation of the remaining unvalued rice and maize fields subject to PD 27, as well as the way in which the FBs would be paid and how landowners would be compensated. July 22, 1987 - Executive Order No. 229 was signed which created a framework for implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). It created the Agrarian Reform Budget (ARF), which had a PhP50B beginning budget to cover the program's estimated costs from 1987 through 1999. - Executive Order No.116 (1987) merged the Bureau of Agricultural Extension, the Philippine Agricultural Training Council, and the Philippine Training Center for Rural Development into the Agricultural Training Institute. As a result, the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) was born. Fidel Ramos’ Administration (1992-1998) 1992 - President Fidel V. Ramos assumed office and faced a populace that had lost faith in the agricultural reform initiative. His government vowed to execute the Agrarian Reform Program in a fairer, quicker, and more meaningful manner. - he established a law that states that fishponds and prawns were exempted from CARP coverage through Republic Act No. 7881, which amended some sections of RA 6657. 1997 - Executive Order No. 363 was established that limits the kind of lands that can be converted by establishing criteria in which particular categories of agricultural property are either non-negotiable for conversion or extremely limited for conversion. - he enacted three basic laws that determined the management of agriculture and fishery extension in the country: 1) RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991; 2) RA 8435 known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act; and 3) RA 8550 known as the Fisheries Code of 1998. These laws determine the roles and functions of various stakeholders and the overall scheme of organizing and administering agriculture and fishery extension programs. Joseph Estrada’s Administration (1998-2001) October 1998 - the Agrikulturang Makamasa program was launched. The initial activities were to raise awareness and develop advocacy for this new program among officials and employees of DA, DA-attached bureaus and agencies, and local government units. September 1999 - established Executive Order No. 151 which was called the Farmer’s Trust Fund. This allowed the consolidation of small farm operations in medium and large-scale enterprises and allowed farmers to access long-term capital. - launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo that helped the DAR in partnership with private investors. - the economic programs that were established mainly focused on agricultural development that included establishing farm-to-market roads, rural credit, and extension services to rural areas in the country. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo’s Administration (2001-2010) - The Arroyo administration's agricultural reform policy was guided by the aim of "making the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by fostering partnerships and promoting social equality and new economic possibilities in the pursuit of enduring peace and sustainable rural development." - Arroyo implemented the Land Tenure Improvement which helped the DAR remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution. - During her administration, the country saw major growth in the agricultural sector that was mainly dominated by the share of inputs that technology had to offer. - The Department of Agriculture, launched the Ginintuang Masaganang Ani that served as the blueprint of its agriculture program. - The priorities of Arroyo’s administration in terms of agriculture and extension services were to achieve food security in the country and reduce poverty in rural areas by helping farmers and low-income sectors of the country in agricultural and food production. Benigno “Nonoy” Aquino’s Administration (2010-2016) 2010 - the Philippine Organic Agriculture Act of 2010, also known as RA 10068, was enacted. The Department of Agriculture (DA) is in charge of implementing the National Organic Agriculture Program, which is led by the National Organic Agriculture Board (NOAB), with the help of various organic industry stakeholders, relevant national government agencies, non- governmental organizations, and civil society organizations. - Agricultural Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) initiative was established to help to the broader objective of rural poverty reduction, particularly in agrarian reform regions. - The Agrarian Production Financial Program (APCP) was also implemented and this offered credit support for crop production to newly formed and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and farmers' groups that were not eligible for loans via banks' regular credit windows. 2011 - Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011 was established, which directed the Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian Reform Convergence Initiative to promote a National Greening Program that was supported by other departments in the government. - During this administration, it has been identified that agriculture and rural development was the sole focus of development efforts. These were done in efforts to reduce poverty in the country and to uplift local farmers and their goods. Political regimes during this time mostly leaned towards enhancing economic recovery and mostly emphasized the need for agricultural development. Rodrigo Duterte’s Administration (2016-2022) - Under the leadership of Duterte, he pursued a program that helped poor Filipino farmers and prioritizing the support services for them. - Under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the President instructed the DAR to begin the second phase of agrarian reform, in which landless farmers would be granted undistributed lands. - During his term, DAR also formed an anti-corruption task force to investigate and manage complaints of suspected anomalous activity by agency officials and employees. - To speed up the implementation of CARP, the President has also commanded the DAR to pursue a “Oplan Zero Backlog” in the settlement of cases pertaining to the agrarian reform program's agricultural justice delivery. C. Legal Mandates The management and structure of agriculture and fishery extension in the Philippines has been influenced by three basic laws of the land, namely: RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, RA 8435 known as the Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act or AFMA, and RA 8550 also known as the Fisheries Code of 1998. These laws determine the roles and functions of various stakeholders and the overall scheme of organizing and administering agriculture and fishery extension programs in the country. Republic Act 7160: The Local Government Code of 1991 The following are the Significant Provisions of the Local Government Code in the Conduct of Extension Programs, Projects and Activities: Sec 3. Operative Principles of Decentralization  g. The capabilities of local government units, especially the municipalities and Barangays, shall be enhanced by providing them with opportunities to participate actively in the implementation of national programs and projects; h. Local government units shall share with the national government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction, subject to the provisions of this Code and national policies. Sec 16. General Welfare Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, local government units shall ensure and support, among other things, the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and safety, enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the development of appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, improve public morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice, promote full employment among their residents, maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of their inhabitants. Sec 17. Basic Services and Facilities 1) For a Barangay: Agricultural support services which include planting materials distribution system and operation of farm produce collection and buying stations; Health and social welfare services which include maintenance of Barangay health center and day-care center; Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification, and solid waste collection; Maintenance of Barangay roads and bridges and water supply systems Infrastructure facilities such as multi- purpose hall, multipurpose pavement, plaza, sports center, and other similar facilities; Information and reading center; and Satellite or public market, where viable; 2) For a Municipality: Extension and on-site research services and facilities related to agriculture and fishery activities which include dispersal of livestock and poultry, fingerlings, and other seeding materials for aquaculture; palay, corn, and vegetable seed farms; medicinal plant gardens; fruit tree, coconut, and other kinds of seedling nurseries; demonstration farms; quality control of copra and improvement and development of local distribution channels, preferably through cooperatives; inter -Barangay irrigation system; water and soil resource utilization and conservation projects; enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters including the conservation of mangroves; implementation of community-based forestry projects which include integrated social forestry programs and similar projects; management and control of communal forests with an area not exceeding fifty (50) square kilometers; establishment of tree parks, greenbelts, and similar forest development projects; Solid waste disposal system or environmental management system and services or facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation; Infrastructure facilities intended primarily to service the needs of the residents of the municipality and which are funded out of municipal funds including, but not limited to, municipal roads and bridges; school buildings and other facilities for public elementary and secondary schools; clinics, health centers and other health facilities necessary to carry out health services; communal irrigation, small water impounding projects and other similar projects; fish ports; artesian wells, spring development, rainwater collectors and water  supply systems; seawalls, dikes, drainage and sewerage, and flood control; traffic signals and road signs; and similar facilities; Tourism facilities and other tourist attractions, including the acquisition of equipment, regulation and supervision of business concessions, and security services for such facilities; and 3) For a Province: Agricultural extension and on-site research services and facilities which include the prevention and control of plant and animal pests and diseases; dairy farms, livestock markets, animal breeding stations, and artificial insemination centers; and assistance in the organization of farmers' and fishermen's cooperatives and other collective organizations, as well as the transfer of appropriate technology; Industrial research and development services, as well as the transfer of appropriate technology; enforcement of forestry laws limited to community-based forestry projects, pollution control law, small scale mining law, and other laws on the protection of the environment; and mini-hydroelectric projects for local purposes; Tourism development and promotion programs; Sec 34. Role of People's and Non-Governmental Organizations Local government units shall promote the establishment and operation of people's and non- governmental organizations to become active partners in the pursuit of local autonomy. Sec 35. Linkages with People's and Non-Governmental Organizations Local government units may enter into joint ventures and such other cooperative arrangements with people's and non-governmental organizations to engage in the delivery of certain basic services, capability-building and livelihood projects, and to develop local enterprises designed to improve productivity and income, diversify agriculture, spur rural industrialization, promote ecological balance, and enhance the economic and social well- being of the people. Sec 36. Assistance to People's and Non-Governmental Organizations A local government unit may, through its local chief executive and with the concurrence of the Sangguniang concerned, provide assistance, financial or otherwise, to such people's and non- governmental organizations for economic, socially-oriented, environmental, or cultural projects to be implemented within its territorial jurisdiction. Republic Act 8435: The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 Republic Act No. 8435, otherwise known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997, was signed into law on December 22, 1997. On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture (DA) Administrative Order (AO) No. 6, Series 1998, signed on July 10, 1998, served as the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the AFMA. The law provided measures to modernize agriculture and fisheries sectors in order to enhance profitability and in preparation for globalization. Extension is among the many areas covered under AFMA including production and marketing support services, human resource development, research and development rural non-farm employment, and trade and fiscal incentives. Principles of AFMA: 1. Poverty Alleviation and Social Equity – The State shall ensure that the poorer sectors of society have equitable access to resources, income opportunities, basic and support services and infrastructure especially in areas where productivity is low as a means of improving their quality of life compared with other sectors of society; 2. Food Security – The State shall assure the availability, adequacy, accessibility and affordability of food supplies to all at all times; 3. Rational Use of Resources – The State shall adopt a rational approach in the allocation of public investments in agriculture and fisheries in order to assure efficiency and effectiveness in the use of scarce resources and thus obtain optimal returns on its investments; 4. Global Competitiveness – The State shall enhance the competitiveness of the agriculture and fisheries sectors in both domestic and foreign markets; 5. Sustainable Development – The State shall promote development that is compatible with the preservation of the ecosystem in areas where agriculture and fisheries activities are carried out. The State should exert care and judicious use of the country’s natural resources in order to attain long-term sustainability; 6. People Empowerment – The State shall promote people empowerment by enabling all citizens through direct participation or through their duly elected, chosen or designated representatives the opportunity to participate in policy formulation and decision-making by establishing the appropriate mechanisms and by giving them access to information; and 7. Protection from Unfair Competition – The State shall protect small farmers and fisherfolk from unfair competition such as monopolistic and oligopolistic practices by promoting a policy environment that provides them priority access to credit and strengthened cooperative-based marketing system. The following are the Significant Provisions of AFMA in the conduct of Extension Programs, Projects and Activities: Sec. 6. Network of Areas for Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Development The Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones (SAFDZ), shall serve as centers where development in the agriculture and fisheries sectors are catalyzed in an environmentally and socio-culturally sound manner, shall be identified on the basis of the following criteria: a. Agro-climatic and environmental conditions giving the area a competitive advantage in the cultivation, culture, production and processing of particular crops, animals and aquatic products; b. Strategic location of the area for the establishment of agriculture or fisheries infrastructure, industrial complexes, production and processing zones; c. Strategic location of the area for market development and market networking both at the local and international levels; and d. Dominant presence of agrarian reform communities (ARCs) and/or small owner- cultivators and amortizing owners/ agrarian reform beneficiaries and other small farmers and fisherfolk in the area. The SAFDZ shall have an integrated development plan consisting of production, processing, investment, marketing, human resources and environmental protection components. Sec. 7. Model Farms The Department, in coordination with the local government units (LGUs) and appropriate government agencies, may designate agrarian reform communities (ARCs) and other areas within the SAFDZ suitable for economic scale production which will serve as model farms. Farmer-landowners whose lands are located within these designated areas shall be given the option to enter into a management agreement with corporate entities with proven competence in farm operations and management, high-end quality production and productivity through the use of up-to-date technology and collateral resources such as skilled manpower, adequate capital and credit, and access to markets, consistent with existing laws. Sec. 9. Delineation of Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones (SAFDZ) All irrigated lands, irrigable lands already covered by irrigation projects with firm funding commitments, and lands with existing or having the potential for growing high-value crops so delineated and included within the SAFDZ shall not be converted for a period of five (5) years from the effectivity of this Act: Provided, however, that not more than five percent (5%) of the said lands located within SAFDZ may be converted upon compliance with existing laws, rules, regulations, executive orders and issuances, and administrative orders relating to land use conversion: Provided, further, that thereafter: 1) a review of the SAFDZ, specifically on the productivity of the areas, improvement of the quality of life of farmers and fisherfolk, and efficiency and effectiveness of the support services shall be conducted by the Department and the Department of Agrarian Reform, in coordination with the Congressional Oversight Committee on Agricultural and Fisheries Modernization; 2) conversion may be allowed, if at all, on a case-to-case basis subject to existing laws, rules, regulations, executive orders and issuances, and administrative orders governing land use conversion; and, 3) in case of conversion, the landowner will pay the Department the amount equivalent to the government’s investment cost including inflation. Sec. 13. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan (AFMP) The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan shall focus on five (5) major concerns: a) Food security; b) Poverty alleviation and social equity; c) Income enhancement and profitability, especially for farmers and fisherfolk; d) Global competitiveness; and e) Sustainability Sec. 14. Food Security, Poverty Alleviation, Social Equity and Income Enhancement The Department, in coordination with other concerned departments or agencies, shall formulate medium-and long-term plans addressing food security, poverty alleviation, social equity and income enhancement concerns based on, but not limited to, the following goals and indicators of development: a) Increased income and profit of small farmers and fisherfolk; b) Availability of rice and other staple foods at affordable prices; c) Reduction of rural poverty and income inequality; d) Reduction of the incidence of malnutrition; e) Reduction of rural unemployment and underemployment; and f) Improvement in land tenure of small farmers. Sec. 23. Scope of the Agro-Industry Modernization Credit and Financing Program (AMCFP) The Agro-Industry Modernization Credit and Financing Program shall include the packaging and delivery of various credit assistance programs for the following: a. Agriculture and fisheries production including processing of fisheries and agri-based products and farm inputs; b. Acquisition of work animals, farm and fishery equipment and machinery; c. Acquisition of seeds, fertilizer, poultry, livestock, feeds and other similar items; d. Procurement of agriculture and fisheries products for storage, trading, processing and distribution; e. Acquisition of water pumps and installation of tube wells for irrigation;  f. Construction, acquisition and repair of facilities for production, processing, storage, transportation, communication, marketing and such other facilities in support of agriculture and fisheries; g. Working capital for agriculture and fisheries graduates to enable them to engage in agriculture and fisheries-related economic activities; h. Agribusiness activities which support soil and water conservation and ecology- enhancing activities; i. Privately-funded and LGU-funded irrigation systems that are designed to protect the watershed; j. Working capital for long-gestating projects; and k. Credit guarantees on uncollateralized loans to farmers and fisherfolk. Sec. 40. The Marketing Assistance System The Department shall establish a National Marketing Assistance Program that will immediately lead to the creation of a national marketing umbrella in order to ensure the generation of the highest possible income for the farmers and fisherfolk or groups of farmers and fisherfolk, matching supply and demand in both domestic and foreign markets. Sec. 44. Role of Government Agencies The Bureau of Agricultural Statistics will serve as the central information server and will provide technical assistance to end-users in accessing and analyzing product and market information and technology. LGUs shall coordinate with the Department for technical assistance in order to accelerate the establishment and training of information end-users in their respective jurisdictions. The Cooperatives Development Authority shall coordinate with the Department for technical assistance in order to provide training assistance to cooperatives in the use and analysis of market information and technology. Sec. 46. Agriculture and Fisheries Infrastructure Support Services The Department of Public Works and Highways, the Department of Transportation and Communications, the Department of Trade and Industry and the LGUs shall coordinate with the Department to address the infrastructure requirements in accordance with this Act: Provided, that, the Department and the LGUs shall also strengthen its agricultural engineering groups to provide the necessary technical and engineering support in carrying out the smooth and expeditious implementation of agricultural infrastructure projects. Sec. 52. Farm-to-Market Roads The Department shall coordinate with the LGUs and the resident-farmers and fisherfolk in order to identify priority locations of farm-to-market roads that take into account the number of farmers and fisherfolk and their families who shall benefit therefrom and the amount, kind and importance of agricultural and fisheries products produced in the area. Construction of farm-to-market roads shall be a priority investment of the LGUs which shall provide a counterpart of not less than ten percent (10%) of the project cost subject to their IRA level. Sec. 56. Research and Technology Infrastructure The Department in coordination with other government agencies shall give priority and facilitate the funding of infrastructure necessary for research ventures such as farm laboratories and demonstration farms with State colleges and universities that derive their core funds from the Department. Sec. 57. Post-Harvest Facilities The Department shall coordinate with the Bureau of Post-Harvest for Research and Extension and the Post-Harvest Horticulture, Training and Research Center of the University of the Philippines Los Baños, to identify appropriate post-harvest facilities and technology needed to enhance agriculture and fisheries development in the area. Sec. 59. Agricultural Machinery The Department shall give priority to the development and promotion of appropriate agricultural machinery and other agricultural mechanization technologies to enhance agricultural mechanization in the countryside. Sec. 66. National Agriculture and Fisheries Education System (NAFES) The Commission on Higher Education (CHED), in coordination with the Department and appropriate government agencies, shall establish a National Agriculture and Fisheries Education System (NAFES) which shall have the following objectives: a. To establish, maintain and support a complete and integrated system of agriculture and fisheries education relevant to the needs of the economy, the community and society; b. To modernize and rationalize agriculture and fisheries education from the elementary to the tertiary levels; c. To unify, coordinate and improve the system of implementation of academic programs that are geared toward achieving agriculture and fisheries development in the country; and d. To upgrade the quality, ensure sustainability and promote global competitiveness, at all levels, of agriculture and fisheries education. Sec. 75. Agriculture and Fisheries Board There shall be created an Agriculture and Fisheries Board in the Professional Regulation Commission to upgrade the Agriculture and Fisheries profession. Those who have not passed the Civil Service Examination for Fisheries and Agriculture but have served the industry in either private or public capacity for not less than five (5) years shall be automatically granted eligibility by the Board of Examiners. The first board examination for B.S. Fisheries and/or Agriculture graduates shall be conducted within one (1) year from the approval of this Act. Sec. 76. Continuing Agriculture and Fisheries Education Program The Commission on Higher Education, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, in coordination with the Department and the public and private universities and colleges, shall formulate and develop a National and Integrated Continuing Agriculture and Fisheries Education Program, which shall address the current education and training requirements of teachers, professors and educators in agriculture and fisheries. Sec. 82. Special Concerns in Agriculture and Fisheries Research Services Agriculture and Fisheries Research and Development activities shall be multidisciplinary and shall involve farmers, fisherfolk and their organizations, and those engaged in food and non- food production and processing, including the private and public sectors. Research institutions and centers shall enjoy autonomy and academic freedom. The Department, in collaboration with the Department of Science and Technology and other appropriate agencies, shall harmonize its merit and output-oriented promotion system governing the scientific community in order to promote increased research excellence and productivity and provide the government research system a competitive edge in retaining its scientific personnel. Appropriate technology shall be used to protect the environment, reduce cost of production, improve product quality and increase value-added for global competitiveness. Sec. 87. Extension Services Agriculture and Fisheries Extension Services shall cover the following major services to the farming and fishing community: a) Training services; b) Farm or business advisory services; c) Demonstration services; and d) Information and communication support services through tri-media. Sec. 88. Special Concerns in the Delivery of Extension Services The delivery of Agriculture and Fisheries Extension Services shall be multidisciplinary and shall involve the farmers, fisherfolk, and their organizations, and those engaged in food and non-food production and processing, including the private and public sectors. There shall be a national merit and promotion system governing all extension personnel, regardless of source of funding, to promote professionalism and achieve excellence and productivity in the provision of the government extension services. Sec. 90. The Role of Local Government Units The LGUs shall be responsible for delivering direct agriculture and fisheries extension services. The provincial governments shall integrate the operations for the agriculture extension services and shall undertake an annual evaluation of all municipal extension programs. The extension program of State colleges and universities shall primarily focus on the improvement of the capability of the LGU extension service by providing a) Degree and non-degree training programs; b) Technical assistance; c) Extension cum research activities; d) Monitoring and evaluation of LGU extension projects; and e) Information support services through the tri-media and electronics. Sec. 91. Role of the Private Sector in Extension The Department shall encourage the participation of farmers and fisherfolks cooperatives and associations and others in the private sector in training and other complementary extension services especially in community organizing, use of participatory approaches, popularization of training materials, regenerative agricultural technologies, agribusiness and management skills. The Department is hereby authorized to commission and provide funding for such training and extension services undertaken by the private sector. Sec. 92. The Role of Government Agencies The Department, together with State colleges and universities shall assist in the LGUs’ extension system by improving their effectiveness and efficiency through capability-building and complementary extension activities such as: a) technical assistance; b) training of LGU extension personnel; c) improvement of physical facilities; d) extension cum research; and e) information support services. Sec. 93. Funding for Extension Activities Extension activities shall be supported by the following measures: a. allocation of multi-year budgets that shall be treated as grants; b. allow transfer of funds from the Department to the local government units as extension grants, and c. the budget for agriculture and fisheries extension services shall be at least one percent (1%) of the gross value added (GVA) by year 2001. Sec. 107. Special Training Projects for Women The Department, in collaboration with the appropriate government agencies concerned, shall plan and implement special training projects for women for absorption in the basic needs and rural industrialization programs. Republic Act 8550: The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 The Philippine Fisheries Code was enacted in 1998 to provide for the development, management and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources in the country, including the creation of the FARMC or the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council. Section 120 is specific to Extension services, to wit: Sec. 120. Extension Services The Department shall develop cost-effective, practical and efficient extension services on a sustained basis, in addition to those provided by state educational institutions, especially to municipal fisherfolk in undeveloped areas, utilizing practicable and indigenous resources and government agencies available, and based upon a system of self-reliance and self-help. Other details of the Code with relevance to Extension are described as follows: Sec. 5. Use of Philippine Waters The use and exploitation of the fishery and aquatic resources in Philippine waters shall be reserved exclusively to Filipinos: Provided, however, that research and survey activities may be allowed under strict regulations, for purely research, scientific, technological and educational purposes that would also bene t Filipino citizens. Sec. 7. Access to Fishery Resources The Department shall issue such number of licenses and permits for the conduct of fishery activities subject to the limits of the MSY of the resource as determined by scientific studies or best available evidence. Preference shall be given to resource users in the local communities adjacent or nearest to the municipal waters. Sec. 18. Users of Municipal Waters All fishery related activities in municipal waters, as defined in this Code, shall be utilized by municipal fisherfolk and their cooperatives/organizations who are listed as such in the registry of municipal fisherfolk. Sec. 20. Fisherfolk Organizations and/or Cooperatives Fisherfolk organizations/cooperatives whose members are listed in the registry of municipal fisherfolk, may be granted use of demarcated fishery areas to engage in fish capture, mariculture and/or fish farming: Provided, however, that an organization/cooperative member whose household is already in possession of a fishery right other than for fish capture cannot enjoy the fishing rights granted to the organization or cooperative. Sec. 24. Support to Municipal Fisherfolk The Department and the LGUs shall provide support to municipal fisherfolk through appropriate technology and research, credit, production and marketing assistance and other services such as, but not limited to training for additional/supplementary livelihood. Sec. 59. Establishment of Post-Harvest Facilities for Fishing Communities The LGUs shall coordinate with the private sector and other concerned agencies and FARMCs in the establishment of post-harvest facilities for fishing communities such as, but not limited to, municipal fish landing sites, fish ports, ice plants and cold storage and other fish processing establishments to serve primarily the needs of municipal fisherfolk: Provided, that such postharvest facilities shall be consistent with the Comprehensive Post-harvest and Ancillary Industries Plan. Sec. 69. Creation of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs) FARMCs shall be established in the national level and in all municipalities/cities abutting municipal waters as defined by this Code. The FARMCs shall be formed by fisherfolk organizations/cooperatives and NGOs in the locality and be assisted by the LGUs and other government entities. Before organizing FARMCs, the LGUs, NGOs, fisherfolk, and other concerned POs shall undergo consultation and orientation on the formation of FARMCs D. Laws and Agenda In the Philippines, the important role of extension in agricultural growth and development has long been recognized. As early as the Spanish colonization era, model farms (Granjas Modelos) were established by the Spanish missionaries for demonstration. To date, it is recognized and defined in the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA), the country’s landmark law outlining development initiatives for the AANR sectors, as the provision of training, information, and support services by the government and non-government organizations to the agriculture and fishery sectors to improve the technical, business, social capabilities of farmers and fisherfolks. The following are the policies that influence extension delivery services in the Philippines. Republic Act of 10055 or the Philippine Technology Transfer Act On March 23, 2010, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed into law Republic Act 10055, otherwise known as the Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009. Unknown to many, this law is a landmark for science and technology (S&T) policy which sets the tone for the country's publicly driven research and development (R&D) efforts. In general, this national statute has particular bearing on stimulating a National Innovation System (NIS), which has now become a global by-word in development context. Innovation as described, is an integral part in determining potentials, gauging performance, and setting directions on development of many industrialized and developed countries. Meanwhile, policy analysts agree that effective innovation policies require Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) as incentives, and that the role of Research and Development Institutes (RDIs) in developing countries may need to change. (UN Millennium Project, 2005). To realize this, implementing national S&T policies for the developing world has become a priority in an effort to alleviate poverty, among other lingering issues. As a matter of policy, the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 10 to 14, recognizes that science, technology and innovation are essential for national development and progress. Accordingly, the state has been tasked to; 1) Give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization, and to science and technology education, training and services (Sec 10); 2) Support indigenous, appropriate and self-reliant Scientific and technological capabilities and their application to the country's productive systems and national life (Sec 10); 3) Regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit (Sec 12); 4) Encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology (Sec 12); and 5) Protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientist’s inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. (Sec. 13). Significance of the Philippine Technology Transfer Policy The need for a technology transfer policy is driven by a number of concerns. While public investments in R&D in the country leaves much room for improvement, the transfer of R&D results into the mainstream market and making them available to the public has been a dead- end question in public laboratories and research and development institutes (RDIs). In fact, a study of the Department of Science and Technology (2005) revealed that out of 258 technologies derived from DOST-funded R&D for a period of ten years, only three 3% have partnership or licensing agreements and only 28 % are available for commercialization but with no takers from the private sector yet. Although 65% are already being utilized, this falls short in pushing the level of innovation forward since these technologies are intended really for key commodities. Salient Provisions of RA 10055 This Act carries with it the following unique provisions that would effectively address technology transfer constraints that were the basis for the crafting of the law. - Ownership of technologies - Revenue sharing - Use of income - The fairness opinion' option  - Capacitating technology generators - Compulsory Licensing and March-in rights - Commercialization by researcher and spin-offs - Institutional mechanisms - Impacts on stakeholders Republic Act 11203 or The Rice Tariffication Law The Rice Tariffication Law titled "An Act liberalizing the importation, exportation, and trading of rice, lifting for the purpose the quantitative Import restriction on rice, and for other purposes" was signed into law by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte on February 14, 2019. This is also known as the Rice Liberalization Act or Republic Act No. 11203, which amends the Agricultural Tariffication Act of 1996 that imposed tariffs to agricultural imports except for rice. Primarily, the law aims to lift the quantitative restriction (QR) on rice imports and replace it with a general tariff. The Agricultural Tariffication Act of 1996 served as the Philippine government's compliance to our obligation to WTO, lifting QRs and imposing tariffs on agricultural products. The law aims to protect local farmers from the entry of more imported rice into the country through the imposition of a 35% tariff on rice coming from member- countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Ike Thailand and Vietnam. For non-ASEAN countries, 40% tariff 1s imposed. The collected tariffs will be used to fund mass irrigation, warehousing, and rice research. Objectives of the Rice Tariffication Law: 1. Fulfill our international commitment when we joined the World Trade Organization in 1995. Replace the QR on rice with another form of protection that is more transparent and generates revenues to support the sector - or a tariff. 2. Ensure the availability of rice in the domestic market for the accessibility of a greater majority of the population by allowing more private traders (big or small) to participate in importing rice. 3. Lower domestic rice prices to levels that would be affordable to a greater majority of the population. 4. Make the domestic market function effectively and efficiently with much reduced/no government intervention. 5. Lower domestic rice prices to levels that would be affordable to a greater majority of the population. 6. Make the domestic market function effectively and efficiently with much reduced/no government intervention. 7. Provide farmers equivalent protection with the imposition of 36 % or higher tariff rates on rice imports and preferential assistance to rice Farmers, adversely affected by tariffication 8. Provide opportunities for farmers to earn more in the world market. The law also lifted the restriction on rice exports to encourage farmers to produce much better-quality heirloom/ traditional rice geared to exports. One of the major components of RA 11203 is the extension services, an initiative involving training for farmers, scholarship grants, and the establishment of farm schools around the country. There have been 53 farm school builds, over 800 different sets of training conducted, and 20,231 individuals have received scholarship grants. There are about three million copies of information materials given to the farmers. The main concern is the negative impact of the rice tariffication law on local farmers, saying that the "over supply" of cheap rice could adversely affect them following its implementation. On the other hand, the law is seen to help expand the access of Filipinos to cheap rice that in return will prevent an inflation pitch brought in large part by the supply. Nevertheless, the core concern of the government should be on how to prevent 2.4 million rice farmers and farm workers from getting poorer because of the implementation of the new law. Although special key provisions are already laid out to protect the farmers and the consumers, the focus is on the proper implementation so that everyone should benefit from the law The newly-signed law provides for the establishment of the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF), which will pipe in Php 10 billion (US$ 190.84 million) annually to the rice sector for the next six years. The RCEF is allocated for the procurement of farm machinery and equipment, rice development, propagation and promotion, as well as expanded rice credit and extension services. RCEF is a package of support programs to help the farmers and serve as a safeguard to cushion the sudden effects of inflation. However, it is imperative that DA strongly support the local rice industry and diligently perform its mandated functions in identifying eligible beneficiaries which include farmers, other farm workers, Rice Cooperatives and associations. Most importantly, in crafting the IRR, research and development should be highlighted since it has been proven to help develop improved technologies and increase farmers' income. Republic Act 10068 or The Organic Agriculture Act The creation of Republic Act 10068 otherwise known as the Philippine Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 was triggered off by the harmful effects of chemical agriculture to humans and the environment as well. The excessive use of chemicals in the production of food purposely to cope up with the ever-increasing population among Filipino families has revealed through scientific studies that it tremendously causes ill-effects to humans especially dreaded diseases like cancer, tuberculosis and other ailments; the degradation of soil fertility, erosion and the like; and the immunity of weeds and pests to chemicals that resulted to mutations and variants that can hardly controlled; and the excessive price of these agricultural chemicals that small farmers are hard-up to cope with. Thus, the Organic Agriculture (OA) as defined in Philippine Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 or RA 10068 includes all agricultural systems that promote the ecologically sound, socially acceptable, economically viable and technically feasible production of food and fibers. It dramatically reduces external inputs by refraining from the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Organic refers to the particular farming and processing system, described in the standards and not in the classical chemical sense. The term “organic” is synonymous in other languages to “biological” or “ecological”. It is also a labeling term that denotes products considered organic based on the Philippine National Standards for organic agriculture. Essentially, this RA 10068 aims to promote, propagate, further develop and implement the practice of OA in the Philippines towards a competitive and sustainable OA industry that contributes to: 1. Better farm incomes and sustainable livelihood. Increased farm productivity, reduced expenses on external farm inputs, better incomes for farmers and reduction of poverty in the rural sector; 2. Improved health. Protected health of farmers, consumers and the public in general; 3. Environmental protection. Enhanced soil fertility and farm biodiversity, reduced pollution and destruction of the environment as well as prevention of further depletion of natural resources; 4. Disaster risk reduction and resilience to Climate Change. Improved resiliency to disaster risks and climate change vulnerabilities caused by human interventions and naturally induced hazards; and  5. Social justice. Meeting the basic material needs and improving standard of living for all, upholding human rights, gender equality, labor standards, and the right to self- determination Organic Agriculture advocates long before the enactment of the law. The MASIPAG (Magsasaka at Siyentipiko Para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikultura) NGO in Philippines has been working towards the sustainable use and management of biodiversity through farmers’ control of genetic and biological resources since 1985. Various organic farmer’s groups were organized and actively support the implementation of NOAP. All region and local government units in the Philippines continue their efforts in promoting OA technologies to increase the production area and practitioners to attain the vision of the region to be known as the “Organic Agriculture Capital of the Philippines”. Under the Organic Agriculture Act, there are various projects, services and activities, to wit: 1. Provision of production inputs: seeds, planting materials, animals, fertilizer and soil ameliorants 2. Seminars and trainings on production technologies, Philippine National Standards on Organic Agriculture and Internal Control System 3. Assistance on third party OA certification 4. Market Development Services: trade fairs, consumer awareness, market days, market matching with existing organic trading posts 5. Provision of IEC materials 6. Maintenance of Technology Demonstration sites all over the region 7. Small-scale Irrigation Projects and Equipment 8. Regional Annual Search for Organic Agriculture Achievers 9. Annual Regional Organic Agriculture Congress The promotion and adoption of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines is at present faces so many challenges. These include the lack of production support particularly the availability of botanical pesticides and other in-puts in the local market; the policy gaps where the chemical agriculture is still the conventional and adoptive way of farming for the majority of the farmers; poor research and development agenda especially logistical requirements; poor marketing systems; and most importantly, the extension and capability building activities.