Northern Plains and Islands PDF

## Northern Plains and Islands ### Northern Indian Plains - **Himalaya** - **Bhabar** - Streams of river disappear - Big stone pebbles seen here - Not fit for agriculture - Narrow belt lying South of Shiwaliks, 8-16 km - **Terai**  - Streams of river reappear - Without...

## Northern Plains and Islands ### Northern Indian Plains - **Himalaya** - **Bhabar** - Streams of river disappear - Big stone pebbles seen here - Not fit for agriculture - Narrow belt lying South of Shiwaliks, 8-16 km - **Terai**&#x20; - Streams of river reappear - Without properly demarcated channels - Marshy area - Lush green vegetation seen here - Fit for agriculture - **Bhangar Khadar** - **Khadar** - New deposition - Better fertility than Bhangar - Renews every year - **Bhangar**&#x20; - Old deposition - More calcareous concentration - **Kankad** - 10-20 Km Alluvial flood plain **National parks in Terai region:** - Jim Corbett NP (UK) - Dudhwa NP (UP) - Chitwan NP (Nepal) - Valmiki NP (Bihar) - Rajaji NP (UK) ## Coast of India - 9 coastal states + 4 UTs ### Western Coastal Plains - Narrow in middle and wider in the ends (Dumbbell like shape) - Submerging - Rivers do not form delta - Formation of Kayals (Backwaters) - Port development is easy - Punnamada Kayal: Nehru Trophy (Boat race) - Ports seen here in more no. ### Eastern Coastal Plains - Wider - Emerging - Form Delta - Wide continental shelf, due to which ports are not developed properly - World's largest continental shelf: Siberian Shelf (In Arctic Ocean) ## Indian Coast - **Kannad Coast** - Central Coast - Malabar Coast - Cape Comorin - Kayals - Backwaters. - **Western Ghats** is known as Sahyadri in **Maharashtra** - **Coromandel Coast** - Known as Baiga Plain in **Bengal** - Utkal Plain - Northern Circars ### Ports of India - **Major** (13 ports) - Govt. Owned - Pvt. Owned - Ownership and management by Central Govt. - **Minor** (200) - Owned by State Govt. - **Ennore (Kamrajkar Port)** - **1st transhipment port: Vizhinjam International Seaport (Kerala)** ## Major Ports of India - **Kandla**: - Tidal port - Also known as Deendayal Port Trust - Largest container port - **Mumbai**: - Also, Nhava Sheva Port - In Zuary river's estuary - **Kolkata**: - Oldest port developed by British in 1870s - Haldia Port (West Bengal) Diamond harbour - Riverine port - Also known as Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Port - India’s deepest landlocked port - **Chennai**: - 2nd largest container port of India - **Tuticorin**: - Only state to have max. major ports ## Indian Deserts - **Great Indian Dessert** - Seen in North Western of Aravali - Low rainfall: < 150 mm/year - Also known as Marusthali - Most rivers are ephemeral - Features: Found mainly in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan: Barchans, Seif, Mushroom rocks, Pedestrial rocks, Oasis (green part in desert) - **Thar Desert** (Rajasthan, Punjab, Sind, Gujarat) ## Indian Islands - **Islands:** Part of land surrounded by water from all four sides, made of coral deposits ### Arabian Sea - **Lakshadweep** - Total: 36 islands - Largest: Andrott ### Bay of Bengal - **Andaman and Nicobar** group of islands - Total: 572 islands - Largest: Great Nicobar - Extension of Arakan Yoma (in Myanmar) - **Andaman Islands** - Highest peak: Saddle peak (732 m) - Mt. Diavolo (3rd highest) - Mount Koyob (4th highest) - Duncan Passage - Separates Andaman group of Islands and Nicobar group of Islands - Separates Little Andaman and Car Nicobar - 10 degree channel - Separates Andaman group of Islands and Nicobar group of Islands - **Nicobar Islands** - Baratang island - Sri Vijaya Puram - Cellular jail - Narcondam (dormant) - Rani Jhansi - Barren volcano (Active) - Port Blair - Mount Thullier (second highest peak) - **Duncan Passage** - Separates South Andaman and Little Andaman - Tribes: - North Andamanese - Jarawa - Onge - Senthelese - Nicobar: - Shompen - Nicobarese ### National Parks of Andaman and Nicobar - Campbell Bay National Park - Galathea National Park - Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park - Middle Button Island National Park - Mount Harriet National Park - North Button Island National Park - Rani Jhansi Marine National Park - Saddle Peak National Park - South Button National Park ### Renamed Island - Ross Islands → Netaji S. C. Bose Island - Neil Island → Shaheed Dweep - Havelock Island → Swaraj Dweep - Unnamed islands were renamed on 21 Paramveer Chakra Awardees name - Coco Channel: Separates Myanmar and A&N - Pygmalion point ### Lakshadweep Islands - **11 channel:** Separates Aminidivi and Cannanore - **8 channel:** - Separates Minicoy from Maldives - Separates Lakshadweep from Maldives - **INS Jatayu:** 2nd Naval Base - **Andrott Island:** Largest island of Lakshadweep archipelago - **Minicoy :** 2nd largest island - **Entire group of Lakshadweep from Minicoy (9 channel)** - **Sir Creek:** Disputed territory between India and Pak - **Aliabet Island** - **Chandipur, Odisha** - **APJ Abdul Kalam Island Integrated Test Range (missile testing)** - **Pamban Island** - **Kachchatheevu Islands:** b/w India and Sri Lanka ### Palk Strait - **Palk Bay:** Southwestern portion of Palk Strait - **Rameshwaram island:** Also known as Pamban island between peninsular India and Sri Lanka on Ram Setu archipelago - **Gulf of Mannar:** Between south-eastern tip of India and West Coast of Sri Lanka in the Coromandel Coast region ### Other Islands - **New Moore Island:** b/w India and Bangladesh - **Aliabet Island**: Also known as Wheeler island (Odisha) - Most of the missiles are tested here ### Space Centre - **Sriharikota** (Andhra Pradesh) - Home to Satish Dhawan Space Centre - ISRO launches satellites from here