Motivation and Emotion PDF

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 11 1 Emotions Emotion: A motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behaviour, and mental experience. Discrete Emotions Theory that humans experience a small number of...

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 11 1 Emotions Emotion: A motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behaviour, and mental experience. Discrete Emotions Theory that humans experience a small number of separate emotions Combine to create emotional experience 2 Adaptive functions of emotions Focus attention Fear Avoid toxins Disgust Motivate behaviour Lust 3 1  How we feel: experience and expression of emotions 7 Basic emotions are experienced by all people in all cultures: Happiness Contempt Anger Sadness Surprise Fear Disgust Emerge in the first 9 months of life Innate motor programs 4 Biological Basis? Infants’ naturally occurring emotions 5  Adults and children express them similarly 6 2  The Nature of Emotions Secondary emotions Complex emotions that combine primary emotions Guilt, embarrassment, regret 7 Accompaniments of Emotions Physiology Physiological response to some emotions (anger – fear) are very different 8 Accompaniments of Emotions Physiology Physiological response to other emotions is similar (fear – excitement) 9 3  Accompaniments of Emotions Physiology Facial expression can alter physiological and emotional state (Facial feedback hypothesis) 10 Real (Duchenne) smile Fake (Pan AM) smile 11 Display rules Culturally derived guidelines controlling how and when to express emotions 12 4  Cognitive theories of emotions 13 Theories of Emotion: JAMES-LANGE Autonomic Experiences See a bear Response Fear Experience of emotion is caused by somatic feedback 14 heories of Emotion: CANON-BARD Autonomic Arousal Thalamic Sees a bear Activity Thalamus simultaneously stimulates experience and Experiences physiological response Fear 15 5  Theories of Emotion: Two Factor Theory Producing an emotion requires TWO FACTORS: Undifferentiated state of arousal Attempt to explain our arousal Why am I aroused? Label arousal with an emotion 16 Body language Nonverbal Expression 17 Nonverbal expression Body language Nonverbal leakage Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour 18 6  Nonverbal expression Gestures Illustrators Highlight and accentuate 19 Nonverbal expression Gestures Manipulators Touch, stroke, poke another body part 20 Nonverbal expression Gestures Emblems Gestures conveying established meanings 21 7  Nonverbal expression Proxemics Personal space 22 Nonverbal expression Proxemics Personal space 23 Personal Space Intimate 0 to 50cm Affectionate touch, intimate conversation, comforting 24 8  Personal Space Personal 50 cm to 125 cm Conversations with friends Our small protective 25 Personal Space Social 1.25 m to 3 m (4 to 12 feet) Conversations with strangers, Business transactions 26 Personal Space Public Beyond that Listening to speeches, formal occasions 27 9  Happiness 28 Positive Psychology Emphasizes human strengths, such as resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love and happiness Focus on becoming better than well Reaching your full potential Up to 50% of happiness is genetically based 29 Happiness New research focuses on the far reaching benefits of happiness Happiness is correlated with Longevity 30 10  Happiness New research focuses on the far reaching benefits of happiness Happiness is correlated with Increased performance 31 Happiness New research focuses on the far reaching benefits of happiness Happiness is correlated with Increased performance 32 What Makes Us Happy: The Myths The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us Money makes us happy Happiness declines in old age Happiness and negative emotions lie on opposite ends of the spectrum People on the West Coast are the happiest 33 11  What Makes Us Happy: The Facts Several things ARE correlated with Happiness Marriage Political Friendships affiliation Exercise College Gratitude Religion Giving Flow 34 Motivation 35 What is Motivation? Drives that influence: The direction The persistence The vigour of goal-directed behaviour 36 12  Motivation Instinct Theory Fixed Action Pattern ~ Instinct Inherited characteristic, common to a species, that automatically produces a particular behaviour in response to a particular stimulus 37 Motivation Drive reduction theory (Hull, 1943, 1951) Homeostasis State of internal physiological equilibrium Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives to behave in a certain way (e.g. thirst influences drinking) “pushes” organism into action 38 Motivation Incentive Theories: Motivated to move towards positive goals Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation EXTERNAL INTERNAL Performing an activity to Performing an activity obtain an external reward because you find it or avoid punishment enjoyable or stimulating 39 13  Motivational Conflicts Approach-approach Opposition between two attractive alternatives Avoidance-avoidance Two undesirable alternatives Approach-avoidance Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal Double Approach-avoidance Being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by two goals 40 Motivation Contrast effect - once we receive reinforcement for performing a behaviour, we expect that reinforcement again 41 SEX 42 14  Sexual Response Cycle Desire phase Something prompts sexual interest Excitement phase Blood flows to arteries in genital organs, nipples, and breasts Sexual pleasure begins Plateau phase Sexual tension builds, ultimately leading to orgasm Orgasm phase Sexual pleasure and physical changes peak Respiration, heart rate, and muscle tension build Rhythmic muscle contraction and pleasure Resolution phase Physiological arousal decreases Refractory period begins 43 Factors in arousal Sexual fantasy Expectations Stress Fatigue Anger Performance anxiety Cultural norms Arousing stimuli 44 Abnormal Arousal: Paraphilia Fetishism: inanimate object Pedophilia: Prepubescent Children Exhibitionism: Exposing genitals Voyeurism: Watching others 45 15  Abnormal Arousal: Paraphilia Sadism: Inflicting physical and psychological pain Masochism: Receiving physical and psychological pain Frotterism: Non-consensual rubbing 46 Attraction, and Love Social influences on interpersonal attraction Proximity: When near becomes dear Similarity: Like attracts like Reciprocity: All give and no take does not a good relationship make Physical attraction: like it or not, we do judge books by their covers Sex differences in what we find attractive: Nature or nurture? 47 Attraction, and Lov Love: a many-splendored thing? Passionate love - a powerful longing for one’s partner Companionate love - a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner Intimacy Sternberg’s triangular theory of love Passion Commitment 48 16  HUNGER 49 The Physiology of Hunger Initiating hunger Decreases in blood glucose levels are detected by liver sensors, which convert stored nutrients back into glucose Drop-rise pattern may be a signal of “hunger” to the brain 50 The Physiology of Hunger Stopping eating (satiation) Stomach and intestinal distention Peptides sent into bloodstream as food arrives in intestines from the stomach 51 17  The Physiology of Hunger Leptin: a hormone in the fat cells that decreases appetite Set Point: genetically programmed ratio of body fat to muscle mass that our bodies try to maintain Impacted by eating habits prior to 2 years of age? Modifiable 52 The Physiology of Hunger Lateral hypothalamus (LH): may be involved in stimulating eating, but is not a “hunger on” center Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH): may influence stopping eating, but is not a “hunger off” center 53 Psychological Aspects of Hunger Eating is positively reinforced by good tastes and negatively reinforced by hunger reduction Expectations that eating will be pleasurable and will reduce hunger stimulate eating Beliefs, memories, and attitudes about food can also affect eating 54 18  Psychological Aspects of Hunger Environmental and cultural factors affecting eating Food variety Smell and sight of food (classical conditioned) Presence of others Familiarity of food 55 Causes of Obesity Genes Appear to account for 40-70% of the variation in body mass among women and among men Access to high-fat foods Cultural emphasis on “the best value” Encouragement of a sedentary lifestyle 56 Eating Disorders Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa 57 19  Eating Disorders Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Distorted body image Persistent refusal to eat Irrational fear of obesity High mortality (10%) High suicide rates Very resistant to treatment 58 Eating Disorders Bulimia nervosa Cycle of bingeing (uncontrollable desire to eat) and purging Vomit, laxatives Distorted body image fear of obesity 59 Eating Disorders Pica Consistent and compulsive cravings to eat non- nutritional substances (dirt, clay, paint chips, chalk, coffee grounds, glue, hair, buttons, soap…) Up to 25% of children (10% over 12 years) Most common in brain injured and developmentally delayed 60 20  Our Needs: Physical and Psychological Urges Henry Murray Primary needs - biological necessities Secondary needs - psychological desires 61 Our Needs: Physical and Psychological Urges Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs 62 21