PSY1101 Chapter 11 Motivation & Emotion Review PDF

CHAPTER 11: Motivation & Emotion  Emotions A feeling towards an object or event – short term - situational Occur in response to rewards (happy) and punishers (sad/angry) Encourage us to persist in responding for reward Accompanied by change...

CHAPTER 11: Motivation & Emotion  Emotions A feeling towards an object or event – short term - situational Occur in response to rewards (happy) and punishers (sad/angry) Encourage us to persist in responding for reward Accompanied by changes in thoughts, feelings, facial expressions, and physiology 11.2.1 What Are Emotions? How Do We Define Them? Mood Different from emotion Longer lasting Less intense Not affected by a specific object or even e.g. Being cheerful for several days for no particular reason  Define Them? 11.2.1 What Are Emotions? How Do We Categorizing Emotions Based on Evolutionary Purpose Different emotions are Each emotion has extended different adaptations behavioral elements For each distinct emotion, Includes changes in: we can specify: 1. Hormones (give 1. When we will experience examples) an emotion (what 2. Thoughts evolutionary-relevant 3. Feelings conditions) 4. Other behavior 2. How the emotion affects 5. Facial expressions us 6. Sense Perception 3. How the behavior solves an evolutionary problem  Emotion 11.2.2 Expressing Experience and Emotions are universal and serve as a communication Second Principle –tool Antithesis (opposite body First Principle – Serviceable habits expression e.g. fear and (e.g. showing teeth, goosebumps – useful for animals not humans). disgust) Third Principle – Direct Action: Emotion changes nervous system. E.g. red face with anger  Others? 11.2.2.1 How Do We Identify Emotions in Determine our emotions as well as those of others Theories of Emotion Thalamus James-Lange 1. Perceive stimulus in environment 2. Express emotion 3. Acknowledge emotion Cannon-Bard 4. Perceive stimulus in environment 5. Express emotion and acknowledge it Image courtesy of Life Science Database under CC BY-SA 2.1 JP. 6. Thalamus mediates emotions  Universal Emotions and Their Facial Expressions Happiness Surprise Image courtesy of Max Pixel under Image courtesy of Tetsumo under CC by 2.0 CC0 1.0 Anxious Disgust 11.2.2.2 Four Universal Facial Expressions That Correspond to Image courtesy of 84264 under CC0 1.0 Image courtesy of bmewett under CC0 1.0 Specific Emotions Four Universal Facial Expressions  Emotional Contagion Anger spreads rapidly Image courtesy of Frank Leslie in the Public Domain 11.2.3 What Specific Emotions Influence Our Behavior?  Motivation Why we do what we do 11.4 Overarching Theories of Motivation Motivation: Early theories Drive Reduction Arousal Theory Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory suggests physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry. Incentive involves a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.  Drive- Need Drive reducing (food, (hunger, behaviors water) thirst) (eating, drinking) DRIVE -REDUCTION THEORY Drive-reduction theory assumptions We have physiological needs. Unmet needs create a drive. That drive pushed one to reduce the need.  Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Motivational Concepts Arousal theory Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels. High arousal levels Glenn Swier motivate engagement in behaviors that will lower DRIVEN BY CURIOSITY Young monkeys and children are fascinated by these levels. the unfamiliar. Their drive to explore maintains an Low arousal levels optimum level of arousal and is one of several motives that do not fill any immediate physiological motivate activities that can need. increase arousal—often through curiosity.  Yerkes Dodson Law Arousal Theory Motivational Theory cont’d Operant Approaches to Motivation Proceeding stimuli and associated consequences motivate behaviour Social Approaches to Motivational We are social creatures are social needs are highly motivating Achievement Motivation We are driven to need to be excellent in some area  Review: What Types of Conditioning Affect Behavior Instrumenta l Conditionin Pavlovian g Conditioning Operant or instrumental Conditioning and motivation Premack Principle One behaviour can reinforce another More rewarding higher frequency behaviours can reinforce less rewarding low frequency behaviours You need to eat your vegetables before you can have dessert The dog need to return the ball before he can fetch again. A Hierarchy of Needs Maslow Viewed human motives as pyramid At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs.  11.3.2.5 Coolidge Effect Return of sexual behavior with new mates Image courtesy of L Whiteford in the Public Domain  11.3.2.6 Mate Poaching Mate poaching Image courtesy of Panavotis under CC BY-SA 2.0  11.3.2.6 Mate Poaching Jealousy – in the presence of rivals – people who identify as women focus on the rival and men focus on their partners Image courtesy of Panavotis under CC BY-SA 2.0  Achievement motivation An internal drive to excel at something is known as achievement motivation. Studies have been conducted with children to see the effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation and achievement needs. Children who were rewarded for colouring, started to colour less. Conclusion: extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation and achievement needs in children. 11.4.3.2 Achievement motivation