The Human Organism Anatomy and Physiology PDF

 Tissue – group of similar cells THEHUMANORGANISM 4. Organ Level ANATOMY...

 Tissue – group of similar cells THEHUMANORGANISM 4. Organ Level ANATOMY  Organ – composed of two or more tissue types that perform common functions  Study of the structures of the body  Anatomy; to dissect, or cut apart, or separate 5. Organ System Level APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY  Organ System – group of organs classified as a unit with a common set of functions 1. Systemic Anatomy – study of the body by organ system 6. Organism Level  Organism – any living thing considered as a whole 2. Regional Anatomy – study of the body by areas CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE GEN. WAYS TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURES 1. Organization – interrelationship among the parts of an organism and how those 1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features; superficial structures to locate parts interact to perform specific functions deeper structures 2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform vital functions 2. Anatomical Imaging – non-invasive method for examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET scan, MRI 3. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments PHYSIOLOGY 4. Growth – increase in size  Study of the processes and functions of the body  Main goals; to understand and predict; to understand how the body maintains 5. Development – changes an organism undergoes through time conditions 6. Reproduction – formation of new cells/organisms HOW ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ARE RELATED HOMEOSTASIS-COMPONENTS While anatomy clarifies the structure and function of the human body, physiology examines the functions of the body and body methods in human life. - Homeostasis maintains the balance or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION  Homeo: same; stasis: standing still  Balance / Equilibirum 1. Chemical Level Homeostatic mechanisms – normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value;  How atoms interact and combine into molecules sweating, shivering 2. Cell Level Variables – conditions that can change  Cell – basic structural and functional unit of organisms Set point – ideal value Normal range – acceptable range of values on which HM can still be met 3. Tissue Level Mo r a n o , M. A. HOMEOSTATIC FEEDBACK MECHANISM of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. 4. Nervous System - A major regulatory system that detects 1. Negative-feedback Mechanism sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual  Regulates most systems of the body to maintain functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. homeostasis 5. Endocrine System - A major regulatory system that influences  Negative; any deviation from the set point is resisted metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones. 6. Cardiovascular System - Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, 2. Positive-feedback Mechanism and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the  Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy individual regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.  Positive; when a value deviates from normal, the 7. Lympathic System - Removes foreign substances from the blood system’s response is to make it greater and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from  Massive blood loss, child birth the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. COMPONENTS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 8. Respiratory System - Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide a. Receptors between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory b. Control center – analyzes information and determines the passages. appropriate response 9. Digestive System - Performs the mechanical and chemical c. Effector – provides the meant o control the value of a variable processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Atom- building blocks of matter/ form a molecule like water, sugar, protein-molecules in Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. turn associate in specific ways to form microscopic cells. 10. Urinary System - Removes waste products from the blood Cells - smallest unit of all living thigs. and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, Tissues- group of similar cells that nave a common function urinary bladder, and ureters. Organ structure- composed of & or more tissue types that performs specific function. 11. Reproductive System Organ System- group of organs that work together to accomplish a common *male reproductive system - Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization purpose. and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, THE (11) SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY vagina, mammary glands, and associated structure. *female reproductive system - Produces and transfers sperm cells to - The 11-organ system- make up a living organism- represent the highest the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. level of structural organization Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. 1. Integumentary System - Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, MAINTAINING LIFE-LIST THE 8 FUNCTIONS THAT sebaceous glands and sweat glands. HUMANS MUST PERFORM TO MAINTAIN LIFE 2. Skeletal System - Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated 1. maintain boundaries cartilages, ligaments, and joints. 2. Movement 3. Muscular System - Produces body movements, maintains 3. responsiveness or irritability posture, and produces body heat. Consists 4. Digestion Mo r a n o , M. A. 5. Metabolism BODY CAVITIES 6. Excretion 1. Dorsal body cavity 7. Reproduction - Cranial cavity – (brain) 8. Growth - Spinal cavity – (spinal cord) (5) SURVIVAL NEEDS OF THE HUMAN BODY 2. Ventral body cavity- - Thoracic cavity 1. Nutrients - Abdominopelvic cavity 2. Oxygen - Abdominal cavity 3. Normal body temperature - Pelvic cavity 4. Water 5. Atmospheric pressure OTHER CAVITIES (11) LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY - Directional terms allow to explain exactly where one body structure 1. Oral cavity is in relation to another 2. Nasal 3. Orbital a. superior - Up 4. Middle ear b. inferior - Down c. anterior - Front THE NORMAL BOSY TEMPERATURE= 37OC – 37.3OC d posterior - Back 1. Define cell- e. medial - Middle THE CELL f. lateral - Side 2. identify 3 major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane) 3. g. intermediate - Ventral TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN h. proximal - Nearest BODY POSITIONS i. distal - Distant Anatomical Position – a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper J. superficial - External limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward k. deep - Internal Supine – lying face upward Prone – lying face downward BODY PLANES (imaginary line) & SECTIONS- (cut) (imaginary line) a. sagittal section b. median-midsagittal section c. frontal section d. coronal section e. transverse section (cross section) Mo r a n o , M. A.  BODY CAVITIES Thoracic cavity – bounded by ribs and the diaphragm DIRECTIONAL TERMS  Mediastinum – partition Inferior Lower containing the heart, thymus, Superior Higher trachea, esophagus Anterior Front Posterior Back Abdominal cavity – bounded by the Ventral Belly diaphragm and Dorsal Back the abdominal mucles Proximal Nearest Pelvic Cavity – surrounded by the pelvic bones Distal Distant Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart Pleural cavity – surrounds the lungs Lateral Away from the midline Peritoneal cavity – surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs Medial Towards the midline Superficial Toward or on surface SEROUS MEMBRANES Deep Internal  Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs Visceral Serous Membrane – covers the internal organs Parietal Serous Membrane – lines the wall of the cavity ABDOMINAL REGIONS Mesenteries – hold the abdominal organs in place and Right Left provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs Upper Upper Pericarditis – inflammation of the pericardium Quadrant Quadrant Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura Right Left Peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum Lower Lower Quadrant Quadrant CELL - The cell is the basic living unit of all organisms. The simplest Right Left organisms consist of single cells, whereas humans are Epigastric Hypochondriac Hypochondriac - composed of multiple cellsORAGNELLES & FUNCTIONS Right Left 1. Nucleus - Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli; Umbilical Lumbar Lumbar site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal Right Left Iliac subunit assembly. Hypogastric Iliac 2. Ribosomes - Site of protein synthesis. 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis (rough ER). 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification (smooth ER). 5. Golgi apparatus - Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles. 6. Secretory vesicle - Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis. Mo r a n o , M. A.  2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT 7. Lysosome - Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell. 8. Peroxisome - Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide. - ION PUMPS – Na+K pump 9. Mitochondrion - Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis. - EXOCYTOSIS – inside to outside 10. Microtubule - Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components - ENDOCYTOSIS – outside to inside of cilia and flagella. 11. Centrioles - Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division. MEMBRANE 12. Cilia - Move substances over surfaces of certain cells. 13. Flagella - Propel sperm cells. *Cover, layer 14. Microvilli - Increase surface area of certain cells. * 60% water * no water – it will shrink (3) MAJOR PARTS IN THE CELL * DNA – copies everything 1. NUCLEUS * 22 pairs – Autosomes ( both- male&female ) 2. CYTOPLASM 3. PLASMA MEMBRANE * 1 pair sex chromosomes * MALE - XY THE CELL CYCLE * FEMALE – XX - Cell cycle- Consist of a series of events that produce new cells for growth and for tissue repair. (4) MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CELL BULK TRANSPORT 1. INTERPHASE ( NUCLUES )- DNA replicates; the non dividing phase of the cell cycle. 1. CARBON 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS – cell eating (cell growth) 2. CELL DIVISION – Occurs through MITOSIS- Which divided into (4) stages; 2. HYDROGEN 2. PINOCYTOSIS – cell drinking (1) PROPHASE - each chromosome consists of two chromatids 3. OXYGEN joined at the centromere 4. NITROGEN (2) METAPHASE - chromosomes align at the center of the cell. (3) ANAPHASE - chromatids separate at the centromere and FLUIDS migrate to opposite poles. (4) TELOPHASE - the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, 1. INTRACELLULAR (inside cell) and cell division is completed, producing two new 2. EXTRACELLULAR (outside cell) daughter cells. CYTOKINESIS ( CYTOPLASM )– Separation of cytoplasm (2 daughter cells) TYPES OF MEMBRANE MITOSIS – Identical daughter cells; growth & development MEIOSIS – Gametes; sexual reproduction 1. CONNECTIVE MEMBRANE: line the fibrous capsule (7) TYPES OF CELLS surrounding the joints. 1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Cells that connect body parts ( Bones, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments ) SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE 2. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Cells that cover and line body organ - They are made up of only connective 3. MUSCLE TISSUE: Cells that move body parts tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells. Synovial 4. FAT CELLS: Stores nutrients membranes are either continuous with the dense connective tissue 5. WBC ( White blood cells ): Fight diseases 6. NERVOUS CELLS: Gathers information & Control body function of the joint capsule or separated from the capsule by areolar or adipose tissue. 7. OOCYTES/OVUM (female): Cells for reproduction Synovial membranes produce synovial fluid, which makes the joint very slippery, SPERM (male) thereby reducing friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint. - Functions; Protects, Covering, Provides cushion. (2) TYPES OF TRANSPORT 1. PASSIVE TRANSPORT - line small sacs of connective tissues called - DIFFUSION (lanay) M o of r tendons. a no , M. A. - FILTRATION (sala-on) “BURSA” - OSMOSIS (cell membrane) 2. EPETHELIAL MEMBRANE a. Cutaneous – Skin b. Mucous – (MUCOSA) line the body cavities that OPEN to the interior like; (respiratory & digestive system) * MUCOSA – Wet and moist because of the SECRETIONS (absorption & secretion) * MUCOUS – Female (uterus, labia) Male (urethra) c. SEROUS MEMBRANE – lines body cavities that are CLOSED to the interior; secrete SEROUS FLUID. SEROUS FLUID - allows the organ the SLIDE easily access me another- without friction *OCCURS IN PAIRS- 1. PARIENTAL LAYER- outside layer (prevention) 2. VISCERAL LAYER- inside layer (friction) example: PLEURA – Lungs PERICARDIUM – Heart NEPRO – Kidney HEPA - Liver Mo r a n o , M. A.