Readings in Philippine History PDF

- Check in - Attendance - Class Reminders  Readings in the Philippine History JAYROME M. SOTTO, LPT Instructor  WHAT IS HISTORIOGRAPHY? The story of how history is written; The study of historical writing. Involves how history is interpreted by the various writers. His...

- Check in - Attendance - Class Reminders  Readings in the Philippine History JAYROME M. SOTTO, LPT Instructor  WHAT IS HISTORIOGRAPHY? The story of how history is written; The study of historical writing. Involves how history is interpreted by the various writers. History is not only objective, but it is also subjective. Definition of History History means the search for knowledge and truth, searching to find out. Calderon & Gonzales (1993) who cited Good and Scates (1972) stated that “history is any integrated narrative or description of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth”. It was derived from the Greek word “Historia” which means knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation. Definition of History History is defined as any integrated narrative or description of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth. Encyclopedia Britannica defined history as the discipline that studies chronological order of events (affecting a nation or people), based on critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes. Definition of History History from the perspective term kasaysayan, was defined by Ambeth Ocampo as… “It rooted in two words salaysay, which means a narrative or a story and, saysay or meaning.” Definition of History According to Zeus Salazar, “Ama ng Bagong Histograpiyang Pilipino”, “ang kasasayan ay isang salaysay na may saysay sa mga taong nagsasaysay”. Definition of History The concept of saysay or meaning is a major element for a narrative to qualify as historical account. A narrative without meaning to the group of people will never be history. Definition of History Teodoro Andal Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985) was a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian. He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history (nationalist historiography). Definition of History Teodoro Andal Agoncillo believes that History is the study of important or relevant past. It refers to the struggle of Filipinos aiming for freedom. To sociologists… History is the study of life in society during the past, in all aspects, in relation to present developments in the future hopes. History explains the background of our religion, customs and traditions, among others.  WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY?  WHY STUDY HISTORY? To learn about our past. To understand the present. To appreciate our heritage in a broad perspective.  RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 1. History and Political Science - The structure of government, rights and duties of citizens, laws and regulations, and its relation to other states are all products of evolution by just turning the pages of the country’s past. 2. History and Economics - The evolution of the economic activities of humankind from hunting and gathering societies to post-industrial society can be best understood by looking at the past. 3. History and Sociology - Early societies and communities, evolution of culture, social changes and behavior can be chronologically explained by history..  RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 4. History and Ethics - It provides relevant information about the mistakes made in the past by people and nations. It can be used as a guide to arrive at just, reasonable and acceptable actions in the future. 5. History and Psychology - History gives idea about the behavior of controversial leaders in the past and their actions. Through analogy, it is possible to predict behavior and actions of present leaders. History, therefore, provides public consciousness that enables the people to be vigilant to the possible wrongdoing of the leaders. 6. History and Geography.  SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA In conducting any historical research, different sources of information are required to gain extensive knowledge on a particular topic. Some researchers rely on written sources while others choose to make use of oral sources. No matter what source is being utilized, it is important to know which among the gathered sources can provide accurate details and information about the historical event or subject being researched on.  CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Primary Source is regarded as the source of the “best evidence” The data comes from the testimony of able eye and eyewitnesses to past events. They may also consist of actual objects used in the past which you can directly examine. The original documents or remains Data gathered here are called primary data.  CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Secondary Sources are information supplied by a person who was not a direct observer or participant of the event, object or condition (Sevilla et al, 1992) all writings by people who have never experienced nor observed personally the objects and have based their writings upon information gathered from those who have knowledge of the events are secondary sources. offers an analysis or a restatement of primary sources. Often attempts to describe or explain primary sources. Some examples of SECONDARY SOURCES 1. Bibliographies 2. Biographical works 3. Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases 4. Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers after the event 5. Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book reviews) 6. History books and other popular or scholarly books 7. Works of criticism and interpretation 8. Commentaries and treaties  Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary Sources Primary Sources Secondary Sources 1. Individual persons 1. Books such as dictionaries, 2. Organizations such as associations, encyclopedias, almanacs, etc. fraternities, schools, business firms, church, 2. Articles published in professional journal, army, navy, air force, government, law- magazines newspaper and other making bodies, family, tribe, etc. publications. 3. Established practices such as marriage, 3. Unpublished master’s theses and religious rights, legal system, economic dissertations, and other studies. system, democracy system, etc. 4. Monographs, manuscripts etc. 4. Original documents such as constitution, 5. All other second hand sources laws, orders, proclamations treaties, 5. Verbal or written data. contracts, census and all kinds of original records, letters, diaries, will of testament, etc. 5. Living organisms such as animals, fowls, lower forms of living organisms. 6. Natural objects and phenomena such as rain, wind, typhoon, water, earthquake, mountain, snow etc. 7. Man-made material things such as buildings, machined, weapon, artifacts, appliances, roads, bridges, dams, radio, television, electricity, etc.  HISTORICAL METHOD Historical method refers to the process of probing primary sources that will be used in writing history. This includes source criticism which studies the external and internal validity of sources. Evaluating Historical Data External Criticism refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher used in a historical study. While Internal Criticism refers to the content of the document that determines its credibility. To simplify, the authenticity of the document is determined by external criticism, whereas credibility is established by internal criticism. Evaluating Historical Data External Criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence. What most scholars ask? 1. How did the author know about the given details? Was author present at the event? How soon was the author able to gather the details of the events? 2. Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an eyewitness account, or a report made by another persons?  What most scholars ask? 3. Did the author conclude based on a single source, or on many sources of evidence? If the evaluation of an available source shows any indication that it is an interpretative work rather than a factual firsthand account, it is considered as a secondary source. Thus, in conducting historical researcher, it is important to identify first whether the available sources are primary or secondary sources. This is to determine how reliable and helpful these sources are. Thank You!