Readings in Philippine History Midterm Exam Reviewer PDF

ELISE LACANLALE INF-248 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1. INTRODUCTION TO REASONS TO STUDY HISTORY  Act of leaping from one epoch to...

ELISE LACANLALE INF-248 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1. INTRODUCTION TO REASONS TO STUDY HISTORY  Act of leaping from one epoch to another. HISTORY  It provides opportunity to revisit the richness of forgotten cultures of past civilizations and MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY reliving it in the present.  Derived from the Greek noun iotopia  It gives one the chance to step into the life of  Iotopia (historia) = learning; inquiry every person being studied.  “the past of mankind”  Gives time-travelling feeling through passages and imagining things. Other definitions of History: Peter Stearns  The sum total of what happened in the He was the chair of the Department of History at past— every event, action, and thought that Carnegie Mellon University. He also founded and a human has done. edited the Journal of Social History.  The act of analyzing and writing about the past. According to him, history:  Chronological record of significant events, the study of past events.  helps us understand people and societies  helps us understand change and how society Edward Hallett Carr we live in came to be He is an English historian, diplomat, journalist, and  contributes to moral understanding international relations theorist.  provides identity  studying history is essential for good According to him, history is: citizenship.  The continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an 2. HISTORIOGRAPHY AND unending dialogue between the present and HISTORICAL METHOD the past.  means interpretation HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION  is what the historian makes  Some events from the past have been Zeus Salazar removed by historians through investigation. He is a Filipino historian and proponent of  Historians rely on surviving and available Pantayong Pananaw, a self-reflective view in the records. study of Philippine history. According to him, history is:  saysay (narrative or salaysay)  saysay (relevance, importance)  salaysalay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao (relevant stories/narrative of the people) HISTORICAL METHOD  Surviving Records: not all surviving records are available (due to data privacy or archival  Collection of techniques and guidelines that rules, especially those involving living or historians use for research and to write recently dead people) history.  Available Records: not all records meet the  This is the process of critically examining needs of historians and analyzing sources and records for authenticity and credibility. Rules are Teodoro Agoncillo being used to settle conflicts of different The Father of Filipino nationalist historiography. historical accounts.  He wrote about the historical conditions of Important Elements of Historical Method the Philippines analyzing the state of the  Select the subject to investigate. masses. This historiography would be  Collect probable sources of information on continued by Renato Constantino. the subject.  Agoncillo’s historiography was necessary to  Examine the genuineness, in part or in decolonize our history, but other historians whole. have moved beyond.  Extract credible particulars from the sources. DEFINITION OF HISTORIOGRAPHY PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY ISSUES  Historiography is the art of writing. Sa aking mga Kababata  It refers to the theory and history of  Not written by Jose Rizal historical writing.  Language is not appropriate for the period  The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the date derived by that historical 1896 Philippine Revolution method. Traditional historians: Philippine Revolution of 1896 Why can’t we access the entire past? spread like wildfire to the provinces surrounding Manila.  The majority of Pampanguenos remained loyal to Spain.  Pangasinan did not rise up in arms at all. REMEMBER: Historian Different historians reach different conclusions about the same period, event, or issue. Understanding There is no single understanding of truth in history. History  The Past: not all events are important enough to be observed. History is composed of competing and conflicting  Events Observed: some observed events arguments and viewpoints and is always changing. were not important enough to be recorded, or happened to people without any written language or artifact  Events Recorded: not all records survived (due to the elements)  3. SOURCES OF HISTORY Tapographia De Manila, 1720 Antonio Fernandez de Roxas DEFINITION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES Historical Sources  These are the objects from the past or testimonies concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of that past.  Tangible remains of the past. PRIMARY SOURCES: CONCEPT Concept 1: Testimony of an eyewitness Concept 2: A primary source must have been Photographs produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates.  It reflects social conditions of historical Concept 3: A piece of evidence written or created realities and everyday life. It also gives us during a period under investigation. visual ideas of places, historical events, as Concept 4: Eyewitness account or a firsthand well as people. account of a particular event. An early Ifugao School, PRIMARY SOURCES: EXAMPLES Maps  Generally used to indicate locations as well as typography. Reveals how space and geography were being used to emphasize trade routes, travel routes, structural build up, etc. Murillo Velarde 1734 Map The mother of all Philippines maps West end of Escolta Street Drawings The Manunggul Jar  Sketches and drawings that may indicate the conditions of life of the past societies.  Cartoons for political expression or propaganda. Mercado de Manila, 1792 Juan Francisco de Revenet  Recovered at Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Palawan.  An elaborately designed burial jar with anthropomorphic figures on top of the cover that represent souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat.  It is dated to as early as 710-890 B.C. The Manunggul Jar was declared a National Paintings Cultural Treasure.  Visual representations based on the artist’s Fossils expression or interpretation of events and The preserved and partially preserved remains of ideas. humas, animals, and plants whose parts were Carl Johann Karuth, 1858 replaced by minerals until hardening into rocks, are around 10,000 years old or more. Callao Man (67,000 years old) Artifacts  The latest discovery of what is now  An object made by a human being. Artifacts considered as the oldest human fossil include art, tools, and clothing made by remains found in the Philippines. people of any time and place. The term can  Discovered in 2007 at the Callao Caves of also be used to refer to the remains of an Penablanca, Cagayan Valley. object. Newspapers A printed publication (usually issued daily or weekly) consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, feature articles, advertisements, and correspondence. Manila Alegre  A satirical periodical that published the first comic strips in the Philippines. Edifices  Any building or structure that is significant in the history, architecture, or culture of this state. Oral History  The collection and study of historical information using sound recordings of interviews with people having personal knowledge of past events. Creates the past by means of interview. Diario de Manila Yale’s Oral History of American Music, 1968  The longest-lived newspaper of the Vivian Perlis Spanish era. El Motin Other Examples of Primary Sources  A stridently anti-friar publication that was given to much parody of the frailcracia. Usually, but not always a primary source  Letters  Manuscripts  Diaries  Journals  Memoirs  Autobiographies  Interviews  Speeches  Government documents  Audio recordings  Research data SECONDARY SOURCES: CONCEPT EXTERNAL CRITICISM: TEST OF AUTHENTICITY Concept 1: Works produced after the event has taken place.  Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic Concept 2: Usually, an assessment or a  Determine the author commentary of events, people, or institutions of the  Anachronistic style, and reference to past. events Concept 3: Interprets and analyzes primary  Provenance or custody – determines its sources. These sources are one or more steps genuineness removed from the event.  Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or a word Concept 4: Secondary sources may have pictures,  Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities quotes, or graphics of primary sources in them. SECONDARY SOURCES: EXAMPLES INTERNAL CRITICISM: TEST OF  Books with endnotes and footnotes CREDIBILITY  Biographies  Identification of the author  Reprints of artwork  Determination of the approximate date  A journal/magazine which interprets or reviews previous findings  Ability to tell the truth  Conference proceedings  Willingness to tell the truth  Literary criticism  Corroboration  Book reviews REMEMBER:  Most works incorporating primary sources Historian 4. HISTORICAL CRITICISM For historians to understand the past, they need evidence about the past. EXTERNAL CRITICISM Interpretation Checks the authenticity of the primary source. Requires checking if the paper and ink of the Sources that interpreted the content of a primary document belong to the period being studied. source is a secondary source. The Problem of Authenticity: Sources  To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents The basic source of pre-history is pre-historic archeology.  To distinguish a hoax or misinterpretation INTERNAL CRITICISM 5. THE FIRST VOYAGE Checks the reliability of the sources. AROUND THE WORLD The Problem of Credibility: The First Voyage Around the World (1519 – 1522)  Relevant particulars in the document - An account of Magellan’s Expedition. is it credible?  Provided an account of the experiences of  Very similar - as close as what really around 270 people who joined the happened from a critical examination of best expedition. available sources  Contains accurate and detailed description of everything they saw in their travels.   Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned by a European.  Attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Rajah Antonio Pigafetta (1491 – 1531) Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Rajah Siagu), Spanish The author of The First Voyage Around the World. voyages, and local islanders.  Vecezian citizen (Italian) April 15, 1521  Studied astronomy, geography, and  A mass was held in Zubu with Rajah cartography Humabon and 800 natives were baptized into  Served in the ship as Knight of Rhodes Christianity.  Accompanied the Papal Nuncio, Monsignor  Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our Cheregato to Spain Lady, a very beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross.  This image of child Jesus is now known as Sto. Nino. April 28, 1521 Pigafetta wrote the following:  At midnight, 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with corselets and helmets, Christian king, prince, some of the chief men, and 20- 30 balanghais to attack Mactan.  The local islanders had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. Pre-colonial Filipinos  Ferdinand Magellan died after being shot through the right leg with a poisoned  Filipinos living in the Philippines before or arrow, knocking his helmet off his head upon the arrival of the Spaniards. twice.  Also referred to as “natives” or “early Filipinos” Blood Compact  A translator named Enrique from Sumatra  An ancient ritual to validate an agreement (Indonesia) provided service throughout the or friendship. expedition, and was a slave of Ferdinand  Was described by Antonio Pigafetta during Magellan their stopover in Palawan after the death of Arrival in the Philippines Magellan.  It was made between the crew of the  They arrived in Zamal (Samar), Humunu expedition and a datu of Palawan as a (Homonmon). Magellan and his men called symbol of peaceful intentions. the island Acquada da li buoni Segnialli  The datu dipped a finger on the blood and (the Watering-place of Good Signs) touched it to the tip of his tongue and on  There are many islands in the district, and his forehead. The crew of the expedition did they called them the archipelago of San the same to seal the compact. Lazaro, as they were seen on the Sunday of St. Lazarus. Lapu-Lapu First Mass In The Philippines (1521)  The first defender of our sovereignty.  Pigafetta’s journal is the only known  According to Pigafetta, the first mass in the document about him. Philippines was held on April 1, 1521, in Mazaua (Limasawa). Contribution of the Document  The First Voyage Around the World  March 1520 – the expedition set up winter elaborated the lifestyle back then, quarters at Port St. Julian. On Easter day at describing what the local islanders wore, midnight, the Spanish captains mutinied what they ate, how they communicated, and against their Portuguese captain, but how they lived. Magellan crushed the revolt, executing one of the captains and leaving another ashore Relevance of the Document when his ship left St. Julian in August.  The book served as evidence that ships  Brazil – Magellan searched the South can sail around the world (everyone American coast for a straight that would take accepted that the world was round already) him to the Pacific.  Magellan proved that there was a way to the  By the end, the men were out of food and east by continuously sailing west. chewed the leather parts of their gear to keep  In this voyage, Magellan discovered the themselves alive. vastness of a body of water which he later on named Pacific Ocean.  It was found out how the first Filipinos fought against an invader and delayed the Spanish occupation by about 40 years. Remember:  Lapu-Lapu did not personally kill Magellan  Magellan did not discover the Philippines  The Battle of Mactan delayed the Spanish occupation by 40 years. SPANISH ERA: COMING OF THE SPANIARDS Magellan and his journey  Magellan is the first European explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic.  Ten days later, they dropped anchor at the  His fleet accomplished the westward Philippine Island of Cebu—they were only crossing of the ocean in 99 days, crossing 400 miles from the spice islands. waters so strangely calm that the ocean was  Magellan met with the chief of Cebu, who named “Pacific”, from the Latin word after converting to Christianity persuaded the pacificus, meaning “tranquil”. Europeans to assist him in conquering a rival  September 20, 1519 – Magellan set sail tribe on the neighboring island of Mactan. from Spain in an effort to find a western sea  On April 27, Magellan was hit by a poisoned route to the rich spice islands of arrow and was left to die by his retreating Indonesia or Maluku. comrades.  August 10, 1519 – Magellan set sail with 270  After Magellan’s death, the survivors, in men and 5 ships: two ships, sailed on to the Moluccas and  The Trinidad (commanded by loaded the hulls with spice. Magellan)  One ship (Trinidad) attempted,  The San Antonio unsuccessfully, to return across the Pacific.  The Victoria  The Concepcion  The Santiago   The other ship (Victoria) continued west  Hearing the riches of Manila, an expedition under the command of Juan Sebastian de of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Elcano. The vessel sailed across the Indian Cebu for Manila (a barangay under Bruneian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, influence). and arrived at the Spanish port of  As the locals sensed the true objectives of Sanlucar de Barrameda on September 6, the Spaniards, a battle between the troops 1522 becoming the first ship to of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. circumnavigate the globe.  The Spaniards were able to conquer Manila  Elcano was later appointed to lead a fleet of as they are more heavily armed. Soon after, 7 ships on another voyage to Moluccas on Legazpi arrived in Manila to join Goiti. behalf of Emperor Charles V. He then died of  Legazpi built alliances and made peace with scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency) en route. Rajah Suliman, Lakandula, and Matanda.  In 1571, Legazpi ordered the construction Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s Expedition of the walled city of Intramuros and  The expedition composed of 4 ships and proclaimed it as the seat of government of 380 men, including Fr. Andres de Urdaneta the colony and the capital of the islands. (a priest who had survived the Loaisa  Legazpi’s Intramuros was burned down mission) as well as 5 Augustine priests. by Limahong, and was replaced by the  The Viceroy of Mexico had one important Intramuros that we know today. task for Legazpi to which he was given an  In Spanish times, Intramuros was Manila. envelope that he will only open when the Later on, Intramuros was merged with its ships are already at sea. suburbs to create the modern city of Manila.  The Legazpi expedition left in the port of Natividad, Mexico on November 21, 1564. 6. PHILIPPINE HISTORY After four days at sea, Legazpi opened the envelope to which he learns the purpose of PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD his expedition, that is to invade the whole Philippine Archipelago. Juan de Plasencia  They arrived in Cebu but was not permitted  A Spanish Friar for the Franciscan order by the natives to land because of their who was in the Philippines for most of his previous experience. missionary life.  This prompted Legazpi’s fleet to go to Samar  Wrote several religious and linguistic and Leyte in which the Filipinos gladly books including the Customs of the accepted them. The Filipinos in Leyte and Tagalogs. Some may know him for his work, Samar was headed by Prince Kamutahon. Doctrina Cristiana which was the first book  The prince helped Legazpi to find the island ever printed in the Philippines. of Limasawa which they were accepted and  Born in the early 16th century as Juan was given food and drinks headed by Datu Portocarrero in Plasencia, in the region of Bankaw. Extremadura, Spain.  They went to Bohol but was not welcomed  Plasencia’s Works: because Legazpi captured a Filipino boat  Relacion de las Costumbres de Lost captain who was going to trade in another Tagalos (1589) country.  La Santita  Legazpi explained that they were not  Un tomo de sermones varios en Portuguese and that they were accepted by tagalog their leader, Rajah Sikatuna. In this time, Sikatuna and Legazpi had made the Blood >SOCIETY Compact in the shores of Bohol.  Philippine pre-colonial society is both  On April 27, 1565, Legazpi returned to different and the same as in the present. Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas Some aspects of the pre-colonial period have and established a settlement. survived into our time. Mode of Dressing Houses  Male attire was composed of the kanggan  Built to suit the tropical climate (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth)  Called as bahay kubo, made out of wood,  The color of the kanggan indicates rank bamboo, and nipa palms. It was built on stilts  Red = chief and can be entered through ladders that can  Black or Blue = commoners be drawn up.  Men also wear a turban called putong, which  Some Filipinos, such as the Kalingas, also tell the social status/achievement of Mandayans, and Bagobos built their houses the individual wearing it. on treetops.  Female attire consisted of baro or camisa  Others, such as Badjaos, built their houses (jacket with sleeves) and saya or patadyong on boats (long skirt); some women wore a piece of red or white cloth on top of their skirt called tapis. Social Classes  Society was made up of three classes:  Nobles – the datu and their families  Mahadlika or Maharlika – freemen  Alipin – dependents  Members of the nobility were addressed with the title Gat or Lakan among the Tagalogs.  Alipin or dependents acquired their status by inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle debts, or by committing a crime.  There were two kinds of dependents:  Aliping namamahay Ornaments  Aliping sagigilid  In the Visayas, there were three kinds of  Men and women wore ornaments to look dependents: attractive.  Tumataban (on-call)  Both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets,  Tumarampok (2 days) and leglets  Ayuey (3 days)  These ornaments were made of gold  Some wore gold fillings between the teeth Status of Women  Tattoos were also fashionable for some  Women in pre-colonial Philippine society had pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a the right to inherit property, engage in trade man’s war record and industry, and succeed to the  Islas del Pintados – term coined by the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence Spaniards for the Visayans. of a male heir (male-preference primogeniture)  Had the exclusive right to name their children  Men walked behind them as a sign of respect Marriage Customs  Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called asawa, concubines are called “friends”  In order to win the hand of his lady, the man has to show his patience and dedication to both the lady and her parents.  Courtship usually begins with paninilbihan  If the man wins the trust of the parents, he  Tatas – blade given to the girl’s uncle does not immediately marry the woman, but  Langkad – money given to the girl’s he has to satisfy several conditions: parents as fine for having bypassed  Bigay-kaya – dowry the girl’s elder sister if she had any  Pay the Panghihimuyat  Lekat – money given to the girl’s  Bigay-suso – pay the wet nurse attendant.  Himaraw – pay the parents  Once everything is settled, the pegkawing,  Sambon – bribe for the relatives or the wedding ceremony follows (among the Zambals)  The wedding ceremony is officiated by the  One he had settled all of the above hadji requirements; he brings his parents to meet  Six days of festivities followed, and only on with the bride-to-be’s parents to haggle and the seventh day could the couple sleep make the final arrangements; this is called together. pamamalae or pamamanhikan or pamumulungan  The wedding ceremonies vary depending on the status of the couple; but normally, those from the upper class, a go-between was employed  For the alipins: marriage proposal was enough  Weddings are officiated by the priestess or babaylan  Uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the wedding ceremony Mixed Marriages, Inheritance, and Succession  Mixed marriages were allowed in pre-colonial society  The status of children was dependent upon the status of the parents  The status of children in mixed marriages were often divided evenly between the parents  Single children of mixed marriages were half-free and half-dependent  Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage  Legitimate children inherited their parents’ customs; the first stage was called property even without any written will and pananalanguni or betrothal; it was followed was divided equally among children. by the consultation with the girl’s parents,  Natural children inherited only a third of the who relays their decision to the village chief, inheritance of legitimate children. who in turn informed the suitor’s parents of  Children of dependent mothers are given their decision. freedom and a few things  Dowry was also settled by the chief  Nearest relatives inherit the property of (pedsungud). This was of seven kinds: childless couples  Kawasateg – money given to the  In succession, the first son of the barangay bride’s close relatives chieftain inherits his father’s position  Siwaka – brassware given to those  If the first son dies, the second son who helped arrange the wedding succeeds their father  Enduatuan – brassware or animals  In the absence of male heirs, the for the village  Pangatulian – jewelry given to the eldest daughter becomes the bride’s mother and aunts chieftain >POLITICS Government  Those found guilty of crimes were  Barangay – the basic unit of government, punished either by fine or death; some which consisted of 30 to 100 families. punishments can be considered as torture  The term came from the Malay word by modern standards balangay, meaning boat.  Ancients did not believe in endangering  Datu – chieftains that heads the barangay society by letting loose of a gang of thieves  Datus’ power was based on the of recidivists who are incapable of reform number of families, not territory  The continuation of such beliefs led to  The subjects served their chieftains during justifying extrajudicial killings. wars, voyages, planting and harvesting, and Legislation when his house needs to be built or repaired  They also paid tributes called buwis  Before any law is made, the chief consults  Roles of the Datu: (sumangguni) with a council of elders who  Chief executive approved of his plan  Legislator  They are not immediately enforced until the  Judge new legislation is announced to the village by  Supreme commander in wars the umalokohan, who explains the law to  Alliances among barangays were common everyone. and these were formalized in a ritual called Judicial Process sanduguan  Conflicts between or among barangays  Disputes between individuals were settled were settled by violence; those who win by by a court made up of the village chief and force is always right the council of elders; between barangays, a board made up of elders from neutral Government in Muslim Mindanao barangays acted as arbiter.  In Muslim Mindanao, there were also datus  The accused and the accuser faced each and barangays, but these barangays other in front of the “court” with their answered to the sultans of Sulu and respective witnesses. Maguindanao.  Both took an oath to tell the truth; most of the  Sultans only directly governed their time, the one who presents most immediate followers, so their power witnesses wins the case. came from their relationship with their  If the losing party contests the decision, he is datus. bound to lose in the end because the chief  In these sultanates, only the Sultan could always take the side of the winner. declare war and handle relations with Trial by Ordeal foreigners  Ruma Bichara - a council of elders that the  To determine the innocence of an accused, sultan relies to for advice he is made to go through a number of  According to Scott, Sultans were expected ordeals which he must pass. to be loyal to and skilled in Islam.  Some examples of the ordeals are:  There were also visiting pandita (Islamic  Dipping one’s hand in boiling water scholars) from Arabia and the Malay world  Holding a lighted candle that must not (Majul) be extinguished  Plunging into a river and staying Laws underwater for as long as possible  Laws were either the two:  Chewing uncooked rice and spitting  Customary – handed down from  Among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was generation to generation orally common, such as through bultong  Written – promulgated from time to (wrestling) and alaw (duel). time as necessity arose  Dealt with various subjects such as inheritance, property rights, divorce, usury, family relations, adoptions, loans, etc. >RELIGION Religious Beliefs  The ancients distinguished mourning for a woman from that of a man  Pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the  Morotal for women immortality of the soul and in life after death  Maglahi for men  They also believed in the existence of a  Laraw – mourning for a dead chief. This was number of gods whom they worship and accompanied by certain probations like: made offerings to according to rank.  Engaging in petty quarrels  Bathalang Maykapal – creator  Carrying daggers with hilts in the  Idinayale – god of agriculture normal position  Sidapa – god of death  Singing in boats coming from the sea  Balangaw – rainbow god or river  Mandarangan – war god  Wearing loud clothes  Agni – fire god  Some ancients fasted and limited their  Lalahon – goddess of harvest nutrition to vegetables; among the  Siginarugan – god of hell Tagalogs, this is called sipa  Diyan Masalanta – god of love  Relatives of the dead who was murdered  Showed respect for animals and plants like would not end their mourning until they have the crocodile, crow, tigmamanukin; some exacted vengeance or balata. trees were not cut because they were  Pasiyam – the celebration held on the ninth thought to be divine. night after the death of the person, in  Diseases were thought to be caused by the which a play called tibaw is staged to honor temper of the environmental spirits the dead.  Filipinos also venerated the dead by keeping alive their memory by carving idols Divination and Magic Charms of stone, gold or ivory called likha or  Ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious larawan; food, wine, and other things were and put much stock into auguries, and magic also shared with the dead. charms.  Adored idols called anitos or diwatas to  They interpreted signs in nature like the flight whom they made offerings of birds, the barking of dogs, the singing of  Some anitos were considered bad; wizards, and the like, as good or bad omens however, they made offerings to them too in depending on the circumstances. order to appease them or to placate their  They also consulted with the pangatauhan, anger. or soothsayers, to tell their fortunes.  Priestesses such as the babaylan/baylana  There was also a belief in the existence of or katalona acted as mediums to the aswang, mangkukulam, communicate with these spirits. manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang. Burial  Amulets and charms were also used by the ancients like the anting-anting, gayuma,  The dead were placed in a wooden coffin odom or tagabulag, wiga or sagabe, and buried under the house complete with tagahupa. cloth, gold, and other valuable things  These beliefs were not eradicated with the  Upon the death of the person, fines were coming of Western civilization and most of made under the house and armed men them were practiced behind the backs of the acted as sentinels to guard the corpse from Christian missionaries. sorcerers.  The result was a blending of Pagan and  Professional mourners were hired to Christian beliefs that made Filipino accentuate the depth of mourning. Catholicism unique.  Sometimes, the relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their arms, legs, and necks and they abstained from eating meat and wine. >ECONOMIC LIFE Agriculture  Main source of livelihood  All kinds of boats or ships were built, which  Rice, coconuts, sugar cane, cotton, hemp, the Spaniards later call banca, balangay, bananas, oranges, and many species of lapis, caracoa, virey, vinta, and prau. fruits and vegetables were grown  Done in two ways: Weaving  Kaingin system (slash and burn)  Tillage  Home industry that was dominated by women.  When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they noted that Cebu and Palawan were  Using crude wooden looms, textiles such as abundant in many agricultural foodstuffs. sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from banana, cotton, linen, and silk were woven.  Agricultural productivity was enhanced by the use of irrigation ditches like those found Trade in the Ifugao Rice Terraces.  Landholding was either:  Was conducted between or among  Public – less arable land that could barangays, or even among the islands be tilled freely by anyone  There were also trades with other countries  Private – rich and cultivated lands such as China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, belonging to nobles and datus Borneo, Sumantra, Java, and other islands of  Some rented land and pain in gold or kind old Malaysia  The daily fare consisted of rice and boiled  Several Sulu Sultans even sent tribute fish, or sometimes pork or venison, carabao missions to China or wild buffalo meat.  Did not use any currency but conducted  Fermented the sap of palm trees and drank trade through barter it as liquor called tuba  Sometimes, good were priced in terms of  Later on, our ancestors learned to gold or metal gongs distill tuba to create lambanog  Chinese traders noted that Filipinos were very honest in their commercial transactions. Livestock >CULTURE  Pre-colonial Filipinos raised chickens, pigs, goats, carabaos, and small native ponies.  Philippine pre-colonial culture was basically Malayan in structure and form. They had Fishing written language which was used not just for  Was a thriving industry for those who live in communication but also for literary the coast or near livers and lakes expression. They also had music and dances  Various tools for fishing such as nets, bow for almost all occasions and a wide variety of and arrow, spear, wicker basket, hooks and musical instruments that shows their lines, corrals, and fish poison were used. ingenuity.  Pearls fisheries are abundant in Sulu Languages Mining  There are more than 100 languages in the Philippines, 8 of which are considered major  Comparatively developed before the coming languages. of the Spaniards  Tagalog  The ancients mined gold in many parts of the  Iloko archipelago and were traded throughout the  Pangasinan country and with other countries  Pampangan Lumbering and Shipbuilding  Sugbuhanon  Hiligaynon  Were flourishing industries  Samrnon or Samar-Leyte  Filipinos were said to be proficient in building  Maguindanao ocean-going vessels   These languages are descended from  Diyuna (song of revelry) Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian  Kumintang (war song that evolved to language. a love song)  The differences might be accounted for the  Dalit and umbay (dirge) need to forming new words and phrases to fit  Tagumpay the new environment.  Balikungkong  Many of the words or terms in Filipino  Dupayanin and hiliraw (war songs0 languages were derived from Malay  Uyayi and hele (lullabies) (Bahasa)  Ihiman (bridal songs)  Tagulaylay (mournful song) System of Writing  Tigpasin (rowing song)  Tingad (household song)  Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Filipinos  Kutang-kutang (couplets usually used a syllabary which was probably of chanted by the blind) Sanskrit or Arabic provenance.  Songs, dance, and the drama probably  The syllabary consisted of 17 symbols, of developed simultaneously which 3 were vowels and 14 consonants  Most of the pre-colonial drama was held in  No one is certain about the direction of the simbahan or places of worship writing  These dealt with various subjects including:  Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory is that the  Love ancients wrote from top to bottom and from  War left to right  Legends  Pre-colonial Filipinos wrote on bark of trees,  Memory of the deceased on leaves, and bamboo tubes using their  War heroes knives and daggers, pointed sticks or iron as  Dramas developed into different forms such pens, and the colored saps of trees as ink. as the:  Morga and Chirino: pre-colonial  Pagbati natives were literate in their own  Karagatan language  Tagayan  Only a few of these writings survived into  Pananapatan the present because of the perishable nature  Sabalan of the materials.  Tibaw  The earliest writings in baybayin  The karagatan was a debate in verse which script date back to the early Spanish a problem is resolved; it developed into the period duplo during the Spanish period and then  Some pieces of literature, however, have into the balagtasan in 1924 during the been handed down to us orally. American period.  Ironically, the early Spanish missionaries  Balagtasan became the modern-day preserved indigenous scripts Fliptop because of the influence of  The Doctrina Christiana contained hip-hop and rap culture. baybayin  Tibaw on the other hand is performed during  The Archivo de la Universidad de Santo the pasiyam Tomas has the oldest existing baybayin  Maranaw literature, inspired by Islam, documents consisted of: Literature  Tutul (folk tale)  Tubad-tubad (short love poems)  Pre-colonial literature may be classified  Pananaro-on (sayings and proverbs) into:  Sowa-sowa-I (drama)  Floating or oral  Antoka (riddle or puzzle)  Written  Darangan (epic poetry)  Tagalogs have the following:  Ilocano culture, for its part, has many kinds  Bugtong (riddle) of songs sung on different occasions such  Suliranin and indulanin (street songs) as:  Sabi (maxim)  Dal-ot (baptism, wedding, feast)  Sawikain (saying)  Badeng (serenade)  Talindaw (boat songs)  Dung-aw (dirge)   Filipinos were fond of composing epic Art poetry, which is why the country is unique for having more than 20 epic poems.  First glimpse can be seen in primitive tools  Hudhud and Alim (Ifugao) and weapons that were polished along the  Biag ni Lam-ang (The life of Lam-Ang lines of leaves and petals of flowers. / Ilocano)  Can also be seen in beads, amulets,  Buntugan bracelets, and other ornaments made of  Indarapatra jade, red cornelian, and other stones.  Sulayman  Dyed and ornamented their barkcloth with  Bidasari (Moslems) designs of attractive colors.  In the iron age, side from armlets, bracelets, Music and Dance rings, and headbands;  Tattoos also became fashionable  Filipinos are naturally fond of both music and  Metals and glass came to use dance, and usually, when music is played, it  Weaving became a preoccupation for is accompanied by dance. women  Some examples of pre-colonial musical  Weapons were manufactured with instruments include: designs on their handles  Kudyapi (Tagalog)  Pottery with incised designs were  Bansic (Negritos of Luzon) – a cane made with four holes  Carvings made of wood, bone, ivory  Gangsa (Negritos of Luzon) – small or horn were also done not only for guitar the use of the living but also of the  Abafii (Igorots) – Malay music dead. instrument  The zigzag designs on ancient lime tubes  Gongs and the ornamental carvings on combs  Jews harp reflect Negrito influence.  Bamboo flute  Indonesian influence can be seen in the  Kutibeng (Ilocano) – a guitar with 5 apparel of the Kalingas, Maranaos, strings Manobos, and Bagobos.  Kalaleng – nose flute  Diwdiw-as (Tinguians) – pan pipe  Malay influence can be traced to the wood made of 7 bamboo reeds carvings founds in utensils, boats, and wooden shields of the people of Sulu,  Examples of native dances, which depicts Mindanao, and Mountain Province. different events include:  Potato dance  Islamic Influence can be gleaned from the  Torture dance ornamental and decorative art of the Lanao  Duel dance Muslims; most represent geometric and plant  Lovers dance: designs because Islam is iconoclastic. Negritos (macasla dance)  Ifugao art deals with human and animal Tagbanua (kinnotan or ant’s dance representations but not fish and plant and kinnallogong or hat dance) forms; Ifugao art is functional. Ilocano (balitaw and dandansoy) Visayan (balatong, dalit, hiliraw, kutang-kutang, lulay, indulanin, kumintang, salampati, tagulaylay, subli, barimbaw, tagayan)  This shows that Filipinos have songs and dances for almost all occasions, and because of their frequent association, their social organization was more well-knit than it is today.  Even today, every Filipino party has a karaoke machine.