1. Osteology LL 2.pdf

Osteology of the Lower Limb (I & II) Pre-Medical Program 3 Human Anatomy 3 course Dr. Sahar Mohsin [email protected]  Aims & Objectives To learn the basic function of the lower limb. To get familiarize with different regions of th...

Osteology of the Lower Limb (I & II) Pre-Medical Program 3 Human Anatomy 3 course Dr. Sahar Mohsin [email protected]  Aims & Objectives To learn the basic function of the lower limb. To get familiarize with different regions of the lower limb and bones in each region. To know the names of the major joints of the lower limb. To study various bones of the lower limb. To analyze the important bony landmarks of lower limb used for surface marking.  Functions of the Lower limb Support Carry weight of the body Locomotion  Organization of Lower Limb Regions Gluteal The lower limb is subdivided by 3 joints namely; hip joint, knee Thigh joint, and ankle joint into four regions: bone femurbone 1. buttock (gluteal) nip 2. thigh Leg 3. leg 4. foot Foot Major Joints of the Lower Limb Hip Joint Knee Joint Ankle Joint  Bones of the Lower limb Bones found in the lower limb: hip bone (1) femur (1) alsocaned patella (1) (Sesamoid)kneecap tibia (1) medianbone verythick mates ith fibula (1) lateralbone thetibiaholdsmost ofthebodyweightthat's why it's themainbone tothetarsals tarsals (7) articulates with connected metatarsals (5)athen it articulates withthetoes proximal phalanges (5) intermediate phalanges (4) distal phalanges (5) as inthetoesthumb The big toe (hallux) only has 2 phalanges There are also 2 extra bones in the foot, called Sesamoid bones. These small bones develop within the tendon of muscle to the big toe. Bones of the Gluteal Region & Thigh Hip Bone ILLIUM Acetabulum PUBIS ISCHIUM  Sacroilliac Joint Pubic Symphysis IMP a  ILLIUM (Lateral View) a Illiac Tubercle Illiac Crest Anterior Superior Illiac Spine (ASIS) Posterior Superior Illiac Spine Anterior Inferior Illiac Spine Posterior Inferior Illiac Spine Surface Anatomy Illiac Crest; Highest point at L4 Illiac Tubercle; 2 inches posterior to ASIS Useful when performing Lumbar Puncture  ILLIUM Lateral View Middle gluteal Line (anterior) Posterior Gluteal Line Inferior Gluteal Line Surface Marking Ischial Tuberosity in the lower part of buttock in the sitting position. ILLIUM Medial View Greater Sciatic Notch Pubic Bone Surface Anatomy Clinically important for diagnosing hernias P Superior ramus of u Pubis above thetubercle is b Pubic Tubercle inguinal hernia belowthetubercle is i Body of Pubis femoralhernia s Inferior Ramus of Pubis Ischiopubic Ramus  Acetabulum Articular part of acetabulum ‘Y’ shaped line of fusion of 3 Acetabular bones within Fossa acetabulum Obturator Foramen Acetabular Notch Femur femurbone issmooth except the linea aspera the whole located at the posteriorsurface that is  Femur: Anterior View Head Greater Surface Marking Trochanter Greater Trochanter of femur Intertrochanteric Neck on lateral surface of thigh. Line Lesser Trochanter Shaft Mana Greater Trochanter below Eni Medial Lateral Condyle of Condyle of Femur Femur Anterior View orthe name other is capitis a small depression Posterior View Ligament of head of the femur attached at the fovea capitis. Posterior View Greater Trochanter Lesser Quadrate Trochanter tubercle Intertrochanteric crest Pectineal Gluteal Line Tuberosity Fine or spiral Linea Aspera IMP  Surface Anatomy Medial & Lateral Condyles of Femur and Tibia are palpable on both sides of knee joint Popliteal Surface Adductor Tubercle Medial Epicondyle Lateral Intercondylar Notch Epicondyle  Bones of the Knee & Leg Patella Tibia Fibula Surface Marking Patella is easily palpable in front of knee and mobile from side to side.  sesamoid bonem theyare always present in a cartilage toreduce thefriction theanterior border of thetibiahasnomuscles Osteology of the Lower Limb (I & II) Pre-Medical Program 3 Human Anatomy 3 course Dr. Sahar Mohsin [email protected]  Patella Articular Base surface Largest Sesamoid thefemur Bone Apex Anterior Posterior View View Base Lateral Facet Attachment area for for lateral quadriceps tendon condyle of femur Attachment area for patellar ligament Articular Apex of surface of that attaches Anterior patella patella patella to the tibia Posterior view view rape it later Tibia & Fibula naveto identic the media border ofthe finna weightbearingbone supporting bonewhere itusuallyattaches to the ligaments lateranborder media border anteriorborder  intere happy.ense topnotchlike structure mm likespindles sharpestborder on the fibula sina.is I In'etibia is the lateral border it reasonbehindtherough borders is interosseousmembrane supportthe bones hold I In faryons thereasonforthisisthepassage ofbloodvessels nerve f the bumpthatarein the ankle  alsocalled eine oblique Soleal Line Medial Border the tibia is smooth except forthesoiea line Interosseous Border Trates withthebody ofthetalus  Tibia together Fibula a v Talus v v  Triangularfacet found inthe talusfibula I'm an ankle bone Wanna.imaY'd sIffntibIneitriaannguiar malleolar fossa on fibula fossa is anterior the malletolar posterior to the triangular fossa should face posteriorly facet  Upper End of Tibia: Superior View it turnsinto Posterior Medial Meniscus Aspect Posterior Cruciate Ligaments a Intercondylar Posterior Intercondylar Area Eminenece fibro cartilage Lateral Medial Tmen Anterior Intercondylar Area Lateral Meniscus Anterior Cruciate Anterior Aspect Ligaments  Surface Marking Surface Marking Tibial Tuberosity Condyles of Tibia Patella Medial & Lateral Malleolus Tibial Tuberosity Anterior Border Anterior border of Tibia Medial Aspect Surface Marking Lateral Aspect Surface Anatomy: Knee Anterior Aspect (Flexed)  Bones of Foot Irregularbones somerough somesmooth Function Support the weight of the body Act as a lever to propel the body forward. metatarsals  Bones of Foot Tarsal Bones – Calcaneus (heel bone) – Talus (take part in the ankle joint) Navicular Bone (1) Cuboid Bone (1) Cuneiform bones (3) Talus: has a body, neck, & a rounded head. It – (medial, Intermediate & Lateral) articulates with the tibia & fibula above, calceneus below, and its head articulates Metatarsals (5) (Head, Shaft & Base).with the navicular bone anteriorly Calceneus: From the superior view, you can Phalanges (14) find the articular facets that articulate with the talus. Has a projection “sustentaculum.tali”, which supports the head of the talus.Cuneiforms: articulate with the metatarsals Cuboid: also articulates with metatarsals  Calcaneus fine us Peroneal tubercle  it isconcave theheadisround Talus If fine  Surface Marking Ankle & Foot Fibula is subcutaneous in the Calcaneus and tendo calcaneus. region of ankle & foot Lateral Malleolus Head of the talus on dorsum of the Medial Malleolus (1/2 inch foot in front of malleoli. proximal) Important for palpation of various Peroneal tubercle of calcaneum on arterial pulses lateral aspect of the foot. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneum on medial aspect of the foot 1 inch below the tip of medial malleolus. Tuberosity of the navicular bone in front of sustentaculum tali. Medial longitudinal arch  Learning Outcome Able to describe the general layout of bones of the lower limb. Able to identify the anatomical position of bones of the lower limb. Able to describe the important anatomical features of the individual lower limb bones. Able to do surface marking for the bones of the lower limb.