1. Lecture 1+2 - MT - Medical terminology 1 + 2.pdf

Medical Terminology – Part 1 & 2 Prepared by Dr khamis Elessi, BSc, MD, MSc, Board-PM&R, DipAcu. Ahmed Mahmoud Al Jamal IUG - Faculty of Medicine  Main Objective: To Learn Medical Terminology New students to Medical Terminolog...

Medical Terminology – Part 1 & 2 Prepared by Dr khamis Elessi, BSc, MD, MSc, Board-PM&R, DipAcu. Ahmed Mahmoud Al Jamal IUG - Faculty of Medicine  Main Objective: To Learn Medical Terminology New students to Medical Terminology ‫مذهول‬ often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation. Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin  Specific Objectives ‫املبادئ‬ Apply basic principles of medical word building. Correctly pronounce medical terms. Define common medical terms. Relate common ‫علم وظائف األعضاء‬ medical terms to human anatomy and physiology; common disease states, ‫تشخيصي‬ ‫التصنيفات‬ pharmacological categories and diagnostic tests. Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports.  Understanding Fundamental Word Structure Medical Terminology is the study of terms that are used in the art and science of medicine. Medical Word or Term is a Specialized vocabulary used by health-care practitioners (MD, Nrse, PT,OT & others) ‫أطباء‬ ‫تمريض‬ ‫العالج‬ ‫العالج‬ ‫الوظيفي الطبيعي‬  Basic Elements of a Medical Word (Medical Term) A medical word consists of some or all of the following elements: – Word Root (WR) ‫جذر الكلمة‬ – Combining Form (CF) ‫الصيغة املركبة‬ – Suffix (S) ‫الالحقة‬ – Prefix (P) ‫البادئة‬  Word Roots ‫جوهر‬ ‫أساسي‬ The core of a medical term & Contains the fundamental meaning of the word Frequently indicates a body part Most medical terms have at least one or more word roots A word root may be used alone or combined with other elements to form a complete word. Most are derived from Greek or Latin Ex. Greek word derm and Latin word cutane both refer to the skin “dent” means tooth “dermat” means skin “cardi” means heart “gastr” means stomach “pancreat” means pancreas ‫كبد‬ ‫كلية‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫‪Examples of Word Roods‬‬ ‫التهاب‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫املتعلقة‬ ‫ورم‬ ‫يتعلق‬ ‫التركيب التشريحي‬  Examples of Word Roods 041 Ms co Peri ‫حول‬  Combining Form v A Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel (combining vowel), usually an “o” or sometimes “i” v CF allows us to join a WR to a second WR or to a suffix. v Usually indicates a body part v  Combining Forms Examples cyte logy megaly logy logist dome ‫مقص العظم‬ Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart  ‫الالحقة‬ Suffixes ‫يربط‬ v Suffix means to fasten on, beneath, or under. ‫مقطع لفظي‬ v A suffix may be a syllable or group of syllables united with or placed ‫تعديل‬ at the end of a word, to change (alter) or modify the meaning of the word, or ‫مستمد‬ to create / ‫مشتق‬ a new word. v Usually derived from Greek or Latin ‫إجراء‬ v A suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech Examples of Suffixes ‫التهاب‬ ‫تضخم‬ ‫ورم‬  Examples of Suffix ‫مفصل‬ ‫ثقب‬ Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesis joint puncture puncture of a joint ‫صدر‬ ‫شق‬ Iki Throac/o -tomy chest incision Thoracotomy incision of the chest Gastr/o -megaly Gastromegaly stomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach  Suffixes usually indicate condition, procedure, or disease can make a root word either a noun or an adjective can change the tense of a verb (-ed & -ing) v Noun suffixes ‫التعملق‬ Giant A u -ism --- condition (e.g. giantism) ‫تصلب الشرايني‬ ‫غير طبيعي‬ u -osis ---- abnormal condition (e.g. arteriosclerosis) ‫طبيب عظام‬ -ist --- one who (e.g. orthopedist) u Iai -er ----one who u u gal -itis ---- inflammation of v Adjective suffixes ‫شخص محمر‬ u -ous --- pertaining to (e.g. eryththematous) cutaneous u -ic ------ pertaining to Fi i  ‫البادئة‬ Prefixes Prefix means to fix before or to fix to the beginning of a word or word root A prefix may be a syllable or a group of syllables placed at the beginning of a word to alter or modify the meaning of the word or to create a new word. ‫ مكان‬/ ‫موقع‬ A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, or negation ‫ الرفض‬/ ‫النفي‬  Examples of Prefixes /A ‫زيادة‬ ‫مفرط‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫موا ٍز‬ ‫البول‬ Postlatter  Examples of Prefixes ‫أطراف‬ v A- mel -ia without limb condition v Hyper- therm -ia excessive heat condition v v to Supra-(Above,Over) Ren (Kidney) –al (relating to) Supra-renal (Above the kidney) Gland ‫غدة فوق كلوية‬ Anemia f é supra clavi cular Fossa 31 t 66 E a A fertile Apnea without breathing t anesthesiologist s 8 at  Per orum Him Prefixes per rectum eats my gas Word parts placed at the beginning of a word or word root Usually indicates location (direction), number, or time Directional prefixes Metacarpal bones di Metatarsal bones Note: 4 a Meta = after or beyond pm it Trans = through Intra = within Contra = against it  Basic Rules used in Medical terminology v Defining Medical Words v Building Medical Words ‫ إمالء‬/ ‫هجاء‬ v Spelling Medical words ‫تشكيل‬ v Forming Plural Endings of Medical words ‫النطق‬ v Pronunciation of Medical words  Defining Medical Words v Rule #1 – Define the suffix or last part of the word v Rule #2 – Define the first part of the word (word, root, combining form, or prefix) v Rule #3 – Define the middle parts of the word  Defining Medical Words v When you analyze gastroenteritis following the three previous rules, ‫أمعاء‬ v Thus, the meaning of gastroenteritis is inflammation (of) stomach (and) intestine. thrombocytopenia 91123mi É  Building Medical Words Rule #1 - A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel – If the suffix begins with a vowel, drop the combining vowel from the combining form and add the suffix. – Example: Hepat/ + -itis = hepatitis (Inflammation of the liver) Rule #2 - A combining form links a suffix that begins with a consonant – If the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the combining vowel and add the suffix to the combining form. – Example: Hepat/o + cyte = hepatocyte (Liver cell) – colon/o + scope = colonoscope ‫منظار القولون‬  Building Medical Words v Rule #3 – Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word – Keep the combining vowel between two or more roots in a term. But remove the O if the 2nd root starts with a Vowel. (there are exceptions) – Example‫عظم‬ ‫غضروف‬ u Oste/o + chondr/ + -itis =osteochondritis – Inflammation of bone and cartilage  Spelling Medical words Medical words of Greek origin are often difficult to spell because many begin with a silent letter or have a silent letter within the word. Spelling of all medical words is extremely ‫ حذف‬/ ‫إغفال‬ important because the addition or omission of a single letter may change the meaning of the word. an Arthritis WW1 Arteritis a Wig c W  Spelling Medical words The following guidelines are provided to help with the identification and spelling of medical words: If the suffix begins with a vowel, drop the combining vowel from the combining form and add the suffix. If the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the combining vowel and add the suffix to the combining form. Keep the combining vowel between two or more roots in a term.  ‫خطأ إمالئي‬ ‫تكوين‬ ‫سقوط‬ ‫‪silent‬‬ ‫البصق‬ ‫ينفجر وينزف‬ ‫ينزف ولكن أقل حدة‬ ‫خياطة‬ ‫تدفق مستمر‬ ‫تمزق ‪ /‬انفجار‬ ‫بجانب ‪ /‬موا ٍز‬ ‫أداة التنظير‬ ‫عملية التنظير‬ ‫أداة القص‬ ‫عملية القص‬ ‫عملية تحطيم شيء‬ ‫الزيادة الكمية‬ ‫تغذية و نمو وتطوير‬ ‫أعلى مكانا ً‬ ‫ُيبعد‬ ‫التهاب الشرايني‬ ‫ُيقرب‬ ‫التهاب املفاصل‬  G Width A taxi antibacterial 14917451 supernumerary jamais'd d swim menorrhagia hemorrhage past diarrhea Ms on angiorrhexis endoscope dis osteotome  Singular & Plural Endings Words ending in Singular Plural vertebra vertebrae a ae og as ax thorax thoraces aces m 1st appendix appendices ex or i ices 234 by apex twig apices twin is es owl m metastasis metastases EE diagnosis MI diagnoses mi testis testes MI ink ma mata sarcoma phalanx M sarcomata phalanges em nx nges MY 44 ganglion ganglia on A JE E Nucleus/Alveolus nuclei/alveoli us i 8 414min Ovum/Atrium time ova/atria um a 8 1 044 y ies biopsy 1 biopsies 4 y  Forming Plural Endings Singular word ends with Plural form a as in bursa 0416 to ae as in bursae WE ax as in thorax to aces as in thoraces or es as m in thoraxes T en as in foramen II to ina as in foramina 2 is as in crisis i to es as in crises this is as in iris I to ides as in irides 2 5 is as in femoris In to a as in femora ai e ix as in appendix 824 to ices as in appendices 16 nx as in phalanx MM to ges as in phalanges 2am on as in spermatozoon to a as in spermatozoa an ok g EEE um as in ovum am to a as in ova 2 I us as in nucleus 84 to i as in nuclei Ii y as in artery 01 to i and add es as in arteries at  Pronunciation of Medical words 75% of medical terms are based on either Greek or Latin words. New students & doctors are often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation of Medical Terms. there are more than one acceptable way to pronounce a medical term. A new medical term is much easier to understand and remember when you pronounce it properly  Pronunciation Guidelines: Hints: ch sounds like k. ‫استئصال الحويصلة املرارية‬ ‫املزمن‬ Chyme, Cholecystectomy, Chronic ps sounds ‫الطب النفسي‬ like s. ‫علم النفس‬ ‫الصدفية‬ Psychiatric, Psychology, Psoriasis pn sounds like n. ‫هوائي‬ Pneumonia, Pneumatic ‫التهاب رئوي‬ c sounds like a soft s when it comes before e, i, and y. Cycle, Cytoplasm, Centrifuge ‫جهاز الطرد املركزي‬ g sounds ‫عمالق‬ like j when‫عام‬it comes before ‫مرحلة الحمل‬ ‫دوران‬ e, i, and y. Giant, Gestation, Generic, Gyration (Rotation) i sounds like “eye” when added to the end of a word to form a plural. Glomeruli, Villi, Alveoli, Bacilli  General Pronunciation Guidelines, all vowels in med. Terms are pronounced consonants are pronounced as in other English words ‫سن‬ ‫بروزات عظمية‬ ‫ مقوي للذاكرة‬/ ‫اختصار‬ ‫التهاب رئوي‬ ‫طبيب نفسي‬ ‫سقوط‬ ‫البلغم‬ ‫سقوط الجفن‬ Medical Terminology, 6e Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. By Jane Rice Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Spelling Is Always Important Accuracy in spelling medical words is extremely important Changing one or two letters may completely change the ‫الورم الكبدي‬ meaning of a word: ‫الورم الدموي‬ hepatoma ‫مجرى البول‬ versus hematoma ‫الحالبني‬ urethra versus ureters Some words sound alike, but are spelled differently and have very different meanings: ileum versus ilium ‫الجزء الثالث من األمعاء‬ ‫الجزء الثالث من عظام‬ ‫ الدقاق‬: ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫ الحرقفة‬: ‫الحوض‬ Changing one or two v PROSTATE (PROS-tayt) ‫تحيط‬ ‫البروستات‬ letters can means gland surrounding the COMPLETELY change neck of the bladder and the meaning of a word urethra in the male. ‫يسجد ويبتهل‬ and this difference can v PROSTRATE (PROS-trayt) ‫انهيار‬ literally be a matter of meaning ‫التغلب على‬ to collapse or be life or death for the overcome with exhaustion. patient. v ‫اإلبعاد‬ ABDUCTION- moving an extremity away from the body. ‫التقريب‬ v ADDUCTION- moving an extremity toward the body. v End of This presentation Additional Slides on Medical & Surgical specialties th f wi I FI G twd j t MI mid ma g Gy p II im H 11.4 Medical Terminology, 6e Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. By Jane Rice Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  IN W MY WI IN at aI c WI a ON a pit Medical Terminology, 6e Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. By Jane Rice Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  Jim aDAN m 1 10 d my throat axis said Medical Terminology, 6e Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. By Jane Rice Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458  it 81 OTI m a mis a 8 AH W MA Medical Terminology, 6e Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. By Jane Rice Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458