BSC 2085L Lesson 1.pdf

BSC2085L A&P Lab I Lesson 1 Chap. 1: Language of Anatomy Chap. 3: Microscope Chap. 4: Cell/Mitosis  Chap. 1: Language of Anatomy Know the proper anatomical position! – the subject faces you with arms down and palms facing you. **Note: On any figure, you are responsi...

BSC2085L A&P Lab I Lesson 1 Chap. 1: Language of Anatomy Chap. 3: Microscope Chap. 4: Cell/Mitosis  Chap. 1: Language of Anatomy Know the proper anatomical position! – the subject faces you with arms down and palms facing you. **Note: On any figure, you are responsible for the terms that are listed with the figure  Helpful Prefixes and Suffixes A- and In- : not (for example: avascular is not vascular, involuntary is not voluntary) Adipo- : fat (adipocyte is a fat cell) Ante- : before (antebrachial is your forearm- before your arm) Auto-: self (autonomic describes something that functions on its own, without conscious input, like your autonomic nervous system) Brach- : arm (brachioradialis is a muscle in your arm near your radius) Cardio/Cardiac : heart (cardiomyopathy is a disease of heart muscle) Caudo/Cauda: tail (caudal is used to designate "toward the tail") Cephal- : head (cephalad is used to designate "toward the head") -ceps: number of muscle origins (biceps femoris is the muscle near your femur with two origins- same root as "cephal")  Helpful Prefixes and Suffixes (cont.) Cervic-: neck (cervical vertebrae are in your neck) Chondro- : cartilage (chondrocytes make the cartilage they're embedded in) Cleido-: clavicle (sternocleidomastoid is the muscle attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process) Costal: ribs (costal cartilage is rib cartilage) Crani-: skull (epicranius is the muscle on top of the cranium) Cyst-: bladder (cystitis is bladder inflammation- can be used to describe urinary bladder OR gall bladder) Cyte/Cytic: cell (adipocyte is a fat cell) Endo- : within/inside (the endocrine system deals with hormones secreted internally) Epi-/Supra : above (the epigastric region is above your stomach)  Helpful Prefixes and Suffixes (cont.) Exo/Extra: outside (exocrine gland deals with secretions to the external environment, the extracellular matrix is outside the cells) Gastric/Gastro: stomach (epigastric region is above your stomach) Genesis/-poiesis: making of (gluconeogenesis is making new glucose, hematopoiesis is making new blood cells) Glyc/Gluc- : sugar/glucose (proteoglycans are made of protein and sugar, gluconeogenesis is making new glucose) Hemato- : blood (hematopoiesis is making new blood cells) Hypo- : below, under (hypogastric region is under the stomach) Inter- : between (interventricular septum is found between the ventricles) Intra- : within -itis: inflammation (cystitis is bladder inflammation)  Helpful Prefixes and Suffixes (cont.) Lacrima-: tears (lacrimal bone surrounds your tear ducts) Leuko-: white (leukocytes are white blood cells) Medulla: middle (the medulla of the adrenal glands is in the middle) Mid/Mes: middle (midbrain, mesencephalon) Mono/Uni: one (unicellular describes something that is only one cell) Multi- : many (multinucleated cells have multiple nuclei) Myo- : muscle (myocardium is heart muscle) Neo- : new (gluconeogenesis is the production of new glucose) Neur-: nerves (neuromuscular junction is the junction between nerve and muscle) Optic/Ocular: eyes (optic nerve, ocular muscles) -osis: abnormal (osteoporosis is abnormally porous bone)  Helpful Prefixes and Suffixes (cont.) Osteo- : bone (osteoporosis is abnormally porous bone) Otic: ears -pathy/-pathic: disease (myopathy is a disease of the muscle) Peri-: around (periosteum surrounds the bone) Proteo: protein (proteoglycans are protein and glucose) Sub: below Supra- : above (suprachiasmatic nucleus is above the optic chiasm) Thorac-: chest (thoracic vertebrae are at the level of your chest) Trans- : across Figure 1.1 Surface anatomy. Cephalic (head) Cephalic Frontal Otic Orbital Occipital Nasal Buccal Upper limb Oral Cervical (neck) Acromial Mental Brachial Cervical Antecubital Thoracic Olecranal Back (dorsal) Sternal Antebrachial Scapular Axillary Carpal Mammary Vertebral Abdominal Umbilical Lumbar Pelvic Manus (hand) Sacral Inguinal Palmar Pollex Gluteal Digital Perineal (between anus Lower limb and external Coxal genitalia) Pubic (genital) Femoral Patellar Popliteal Crural Sural Fibular or peroneal Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Tarsal Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Digital Plantar Hallux Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.  Surface Cephalic (head) Frontal Orbital Anatomy/Landmarks Nasal Buccal Oral Upper limb Acromial Mental Brachial Cervical Antecubital You are responsible for Thoracic Sternal Antebrachial Carpal ALL of the proper terms Axillary Mammary for the anterior and Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) posterior body landmarks! Pelvic Inguinal Palmar Pollex A complete list of the body Digital landmarks is found on Lower limb Coxal Pubic Page 2-3 of your lab (genital) Femoral Patellar manual. Crural Fibular or peroneal Thorax Pedal (foot) Abdomen Tarsal Back (Dorsum) Digital Hallux Anterior/Ventral  Surface Cephalic Otic Occipital Anatomy/Landmarks Upper limb Acromial Cervical (neck) Brachial Make sure to use the proper Olecranal Antebrachial Back (dorsal) Scapular terms when identifying the Vertebral body landmark. Lumbar Sacral Manus (hand) Gluteal Digital Perineal Lower limb Femoral Popliteal Sural Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar Posterior/Dorsal Table 1.1 Make sure to use the proper terms when identifying the body landmark. The proper terms appear in the REGION column while the common term/description is located in the DESCRIPTION column. © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.  Anatomical Orientation Figure 1.2 Anatomical terminology describing body orientation and direction. Orientation is important in Superior (cephalad) relaying anatomical information! Note: Superior = cephalad in humans, however superior = dorsal for a dog Posterior Anterior (dorsal) (ventral) Superior (dorsal) Proximal Posterior Anterior (caudal) (cephalad) Distal Inferior (caudal) Inferior (ventral)  Anatomical Orientation (cont) Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Knowing the body planes, Transverse plane also important for relaying information! Frontal section (through torso) Transverse section (through Median (midsagittal) section torso, inferior view) You are not responsible for identifying the organs in these planes, but you are responsible for identifying the body planes seen here Spinal Left and Liver Heart Liver Pancreas Vertebral Intestines Figure 1.3 Planes of the body right lungs cord Aorta Spleen Rectum column Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Figure 1.4 Objects can look odd when viewed in section. Cross section Midsagittal section Frontal sections  *image from Body Worlds exhibit The picture above is an example of slices through which plane?  Major Body Cavities Cranial Cranial cavity cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Dorsal Thoracic body cavity Pleural cavity (contains cavity heart and lungs) Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal Diaphragm Ventral body cord) cavity (thoracic and Abdominal cavity abdominopelvic (contains digestive Abdomino- cavities) viscera) pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary Dorsal body cavity bladder, reproductive Ventral body cavity organs, and rectum) Lateral view Anterior view *pleural cavity contains the lung, pericardial cavity contains the heart Figure 1.5 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.  Other Body Cavities Middle ear cavity Orbital cavity (orbit) Synovial cavity in a joint Nasal between neck cavity vertebrae Oral cavity (mouth) Figure 1.9 Other body cavities. *Note: synovial cavities are found in all synovial joints, not just the joint found between vertebrae Epithelial Membranes Line the Ventral Body Cavity The ventral body cavity is lined with epithelial cells (forms a membrane). This membrane is called the serosa (or serous membrane). Two layers to the serosa: 1. Parietal serosa – lines the cavity wall 2. Visceral serosa – covers the surface of the organs within the cavity – Note: specific names of the serous membranes depends on the structures they surround. Ex. Pleura surrounds lungs; pericardium surrounds heart  Epithelial Membranes – serous membranes Parietal Parietal peritoneum pleura Visceral Visceral peritoneum pleura Parietal Visceral pericardium pericardium Figure 1.6 Serous membranes of the ventral body cavities. Serous membranes are a type of epithelial membrane – compartmentalizes various organs (prevents spread of infection from one organ to another)  Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) Figure 1.7 Abdominopelvic quadrants.  Abdominopelvic Regions Right Epigastric Left hypochondriac region hypochondriac region region You need to know Right Left lumbar Umbilical lumbar region all of these regions! region region Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) region region region Figure 1.8a Abdominopelvic regions.  Abdominopelvic Regions of Organs You need to know which organs occupy which regions! Liver Diaphragm Spleen Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of Transverse colon large intestine of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Appendix Urinary bladder Figure 1.8b Abdominopelvic regions.  Abdominopelvic Regions Region Organ(s) Right hypochondriac liver, gallbladder, diaphragm Right lumbar ascending colon, small intestine Right iliac cecum, appendix Epigastric liver, stomach, diaphragm Umbilical small intestine, transverse colon Hypogastric small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder Left hypochondriac diaphragm, spleen, stomach Left lumbar small intestine, descending colon Left iliac initial segment of sigmoid colon  Chap. 3: The Microscope Ocular lenses Rotating nosepiece Arm Mechanical Stage stage Objective lenses Condenser knob Condenser (regulates height of Iris diaphragm condenser) lever Coarse adjustment Mechanical stage knob controls Fine Substage light adjustment knob Base Light control  Microscope components Arm: connects the base and head of the microscope Mechanical stage: consists of spring clips or clamps to hold a slide in position Mechanical stage control: moves the mechanical stage and slide held by the mechanical stage Stage: platform that a slide rests on Coarse adjustment knob: used for initial focusing of slide image Fine adjustment knob: used for precise focusing of slide image after coarse focusing has been completed Base: supports the microscope  Microscope components (cont) Light control: turns on/off power to the light source Ocular lenses: eye pieces used to view the magnified image from the slide Rotating nosepiece: contains objective lenses, allowing for changing of lenses for variable magnification of slide image Objective lenses: used to magnify the slide sample image Condenser: small substage lens that concentrates the light on the specimen. Substage light: light source for microscope (if a mirror is used instead, it reflects light from an external source)  Chap. 4: The Cell/Mitosis Cell: functional unit of all living things. Interior environment separated from outside by a plasma membrane. The plasma membrane consists of: 1. Phospholipid bilayer: composed of phospholipids with a polar head (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tail (hydrophobic) region. 2. Proteins and cholesterol: proteins and cholesterol ‘float’ in the phospholipid bilayer (Fluid mosaic model) 1. Integral membrane proteins – proteins that stick thru the entire membrane 2. Peripheral membrane proteins – proteins that only stick out on one side of the membrane Figure 4.2 Structural details of the plasma membrane. Extracellular fluid (watery environment outside cell) Polar head of Cholesterol phospholipid molecule Nonpolar tail of phospholipid molecule Lipid bilayer containing proteins Outward-facing layer of phospholipids Inward-facing layer of phospholipids Cytoplasm (watery environment inside cell) Integral proteins Filament of cytoskeleton Peripheral proteins  The Cell (cont) General cell structures Nucleus: contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in a thread-like form (chromatin). During cell division, chromatin condenses and coils into a tightly packed form called chromosomes. It is bound by a porous double- layered nuclear envelope. Nucleolus: assembly site for ribosomes Plasma membrane: separates external environment from internal; the membrane is selectively permeable (allows only certain molecules from entering and leaving) Cytoplasm/cytosol: fluid inside cell; it suspends the organelles (small cell organs) Figure 4.3 Structure of the generalized cell. Nucleus Nucleolus Plasma membrane Cytosol  Cell Organelles Ribosomes: composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein; they are the sites of protein synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum: system of membranous tubules & cisternae; they are important in the synthesis and transport of proteins. There are two types of ER: – Rough endoplasmic reticulum: contains ribosomes – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lack ribosomes Golgi apparatus: flattened sacs; they function to package material. Depending on the packaged material, it can become part of the plasma membrane, become a lysosome, or can be secreted from the cell. Figure 4.3 Structure of the generalized cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus  Cell Organelles (cont) Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes; they digests worn-out cell structures & foreign substances Peroxisomes: similar to lysosomes, but contains oxidases that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances Mitochondria: rod-shaped organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP; known as the “powerhouses” of the cell. (Note: the singular of mitochondria is a mitochondrion) Centrioles: rod-shaped bodies that are used in cell division Figure 4.3 Structure of the generalized cell. Mitochondrion Lysosome Centrioles Peroxisome  Cell Organelles (cont) Cytoskeletal elements: form the internal scaffolding that supports and moves the substances within the plasma membrane; the 3 main types are: – Microtubules: important in maintaining cell shape, suspending organelles, transporting substances, and cell division – Intermediate filaments: important in providing support to the cell – Microfilaments: important in supporting the plasma membrane and in cell mobility Figure 4.3 Structure of the generalized cell. Microfilament Microtubule Cytoskeletal Intermediate elements filaments  Mitosis Most cells undergo a two-stage life cycle: 1. Interphase: cell grows as usual and prepares itself for cell division by duplicating its DNA (stage 1) 2. Cell division: cell duplicates itself to yield two genetically identical daughter cells (stage 2). The main events in cell division include: Mitosis: cell undergoes nuclear division (nucleus divides) Cytokinesis: cell undergoes cytoplasmic division (divides the cell’s internal contents into two halves) to form two identical daughter cells. This process starts with the formation of a cleavage furrow by actin microfilaments during late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase.  Mitosis (cont) Stages in Mitosis: 1) Prophase: Different events occur during early and late prophase: a) Early prophase: DNA (in the form of chromatin) shorten into chromosomes (a chromosome contains centromere in the middle); the nucleolus disappears; centrioles split into centrosomes, each one moves toward the opposite end of the cell b) Late prophase: nuclear envelope disappears; mitotic spindles (microtubules) form from the centrosomes and attach to the centromere of the chromosomes Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (1 of 2) Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Polar microtubule Centrosomes (each Plasma Early Spindle has 2 centrioles) mitotic pole Fragments membrane spindle of nuclear Aster envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Chromosome Centromere Nuclear consisting of two Kinetochore Kinetochore envelope sister chromatids microtubule  Mitosis (cont) 2) Metaphase: the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. The chromosomes attach onto the mitotic spindles of the centrioles (which are at opposite ends of the cell) 3) Anaphase: centromeres split, chromosomes migrate to opposite ends towards the centrioles 4) Telophase: DNA uncoils into chromatin form, nuclear envelope reappears around the chromatin mass, nucleolus reappears within the nucleus, spindles break down and disappear Figure 4.4 The interphase cell and the events of cell division. (2 of 2) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Nucleolus forming Contractile Nuclear Spindle ring at envelope cleavage forming furrow Metaphase Daughter plate chromosomes  This Week’s Activities ✓ Complete Lesson 1: Assignment – Cell Cycle on Canvas. ✓ Complete TopHat Assignment for Lesson 1. ✓ Make sure you complete both assignments before they are due (ALL lesson assignments are due at 11:59PM on the Friday of the week of that lesson, however, since this is the first week of labs, I am extending the due date of both assignments to Friday, Sept 6th at 11:59PM )  This Week’s Activities ✓ Late lab assignments will not be accepted. ✓ Make sure you prepare for your first pre-lab quiz next week (week of Sept 1st) by reviewing BSC 2085L Lesson 2.  Sample of a Pre-Lab Quiz Question if you were to have a Pre-Lab Quiz for BSC 2085L Lesson 1 1. The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell during which stage of the cell cycle? A. Anaphase B. Interphase C. Prophase D. Metaphase E. Telophase