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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (LEC) MT-MLS308 1st Sem – Ma’am Jennilyn Nicole Mendoza, RMT SEROLOGY L1: Introduction to Immunology Scientific study...

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (LEC) MT-MLS308 1st Sem – Ma’am Jennilyn Nicole Mendoza, RMT SEROLOGY L1: Introduction to Immunology Scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids Involves the analysis of antibodies, A HISTORY antigens, and other substances present in the blood serum IMMUNOLOGY Serum – most frequently encountered Study of response- molecules ,cells organs and system responsible for the specimen in immunologic testing→ recognition and disposal of foreign Product produced from the non-self material centrifugation of coagulated blood Science which deals with host reaction to foreign substances A2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IMMUNITY Condition of being resistance of 1500 AD infection First immunological experimentation Resistance to disease , specifically done by chinese people infectious disease Chinese developed a custom of inhaling Defined as the study of a host’s reactions crusts from smallpox lesions to prevent when foreign substances are introduced the development of smallpox later in life into the body (unsuccessful) Inhalation of powder from smallpox in The host’s ability to recognize “self” from order to produce known as variolation “non-self” materials and the subsequent ○ Variolation elimination of the latter Getting something from a related The desirable and undesirable disease and introducing to consequences of immune responses another patient to create The ways in which the immune system immunity Injecting materials from smallpox can be advantageously manipulated to blisters protect against diseases 1700’s FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF THE Edward Jenner (1976-1978) A3 Father of immunology IMMUNE SYSTEM Discovered smallpox vaccination (which come from “vacca” which means cow) 1. Recognize self from non-self ○ Vaccination (L. "vacca” – cowpox) Need to know which part of the body Cowpox is a weaker form of cowpox but and which are not. from the same family Need to recognize Exposure to material from cowpox 2. Response to foreign antigens lesions caused immunity against another Need to recognize foreign and can type of molecules called cross-immunity respond. ○ Cross-immunity Response will be to depend against Introduced to different that foreign material because it can immunity…. cause disruption of homeostasis 3. Defend against 1800’s Against Nonself LOUIS PASTEUR (1880) ○ Food, dust, Father of modern microbiology Against Infection Attenuated vaccines (rabies, anthrax, Against Developing tumors and chicken cholera) Attenuated vaccination - discovered old PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY  IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (LEC) MT-MLS308 1st Sem – Ma’am Jennilyn Nicole Mendoza, RMT culture can no longer cause disease and 1900’s, 1903 that exposure to more virulent cultures ALMROTH WRIGHT (1903) had no effect. This lead to attenuated Linked two theories. vaccination (weakened pathogens) Discovered “opsonins” (found in plasma ○ Less virulent vaccination attach itself to foreign Joseph Meister first person to be Opsonins inoculated with the rabies vaccine by ○ Which were humoral factors that Louis Pastuer coated bacteria to become more susceptible to phagocytosis by cells 1885 ○ Foreign material that prepares for A boy survives a rabies scare by receiving phagocytosis 12-14 injections of a weakened form of 1960 rabies virus from the spinal cords of Cells responsible for immune response laboratory animals infected with rabies. were identified and characterized From the oldest cord to fresher cords — Additional Information Joseph Meister The “rabies vaccine” ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880) Russian scientist SUMMARY "Cellular Theory of Immunity" through phagocytosis YEAR NAME CONTRIBUTION Discovered phenomenon by observing motile cells of transparent starfish larvae 1500 Chinese Variolation AD destroy foreign material term (phagocytosis) 1796 - Smallpox Edward Jenner 1798 vaccination 1800’s Other scientist disproved Metchnikoff Live Attenuated cellular immunity theory and said that vaccine noncellular elements were responsible 1880- Louis Pasteur (rabies, anthrax, for immunity (“Theory of Humoral 1881 and cholera immunity) (unsuccessful)) EMIL VON BEHRING AND SHIBASABURO Phagocytosis KITASATO (1890) 1883- Elie Metchnikoff theory of Discovered “antitoxin” 1905 immunity Discovered the antitoxin against “diphtheria antitoxin”, contains a Diphtheria substance called toxin, which is a major Emil von Behring, antitoxin breakthrough in the treatment of the 1890 Kitasato Humoral theory disease. Shibasaburo of immunology He identified specific proteins that bind to a foreign substance Antibody Side chain theory (specificity of formation theory antibodies that specific to antigen) Side-chain 1890 Paul Erlich PAUL ERLICH (1890) theory Discovered “antibodies” Humoral theory Identified these specific proteins that of immunology bind to foreign substances, such as toxin & bacteria Demonstration Side chain theory of antibody 1891 Robert Koch of cutaneous production (delayed-type) PAGE 2 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY  IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (LEC) MT-MLS308 1st Sem – Ma’am Jennilyn Nicole Mendoza, RMT hypersensitivity B GENERAL PRINCIPLES Immediate-hype Paul Portier, 1902 rsensitivity NATURAL OR INNATE Charles Richet ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY anaphylaxis IMMUNITY Arthus reaction Specific to each Non-adaptive or 1903 Maurice Arthus of intermediate individual pathogen non-specific hypersensitivity Opsonins Same for all pathogen 1903 Almwroth Wright Linked two theories Non-prior exposure is Ability to remember required and prior exposure and an Immune response does not increase response complexes change with 1938 John Marrack upon repeated (lattice subsequent exposure exposure hypothesis) Jonas Salk , Albert Immediate protection 1949 Polio vaccine Bruce Sabin against microbial infection Tissue transplantation 1950 Peter Medawar Acquired Pathogens immune recognized by tolerance receptors encoded in the germline Niels Jerne, Frank Clonal selection 1950 Macfarlane Delayed immunity Theory Burnet pathogens Receptors have broad recognized by specificity Vaccine against receptors generated 1951 Walrt Reed (can recognize Yellow fever randomly receptors bacteria, virus, fungi) have very narrow Discovery of specificity 1970 Ralph Steinman dendritic cells Development of human Natural immunity (defense system) 2005 Ian Frazer papillomavirus 1st line of defense: vaccine ○ (skin, mucous membranes…) ○ macrophage - first cell 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi Autophagy encountered 2nd line of defense: Cancer therapy ○ inflammation & phagocytosis James Allison and 2018 Immune ○ Neutrophils- second cell Tasuku Honjo checkpoints encountered pag di kaya na ng macrophage 3rd line of defense: ○ Adaptive immunity ○ T cells, B cell (will differentiate into plasma cell)→plasma cell produce PAGE 3 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY  IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (LEC) MT-MLS308 1st Sem – Ma’am Jennilyn Nicole Mendoza, RMT (antibodies) →bind antigen to of immunity (bacteria) →complement→T cell and ○ Recognize self from non-self NK cell (release toxin granules that ○ Response to foreign antigens lyse bacteria Occurs when immunity to one disease provides some protection against a different but related C CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM disease. ○ Variolation by Chinese Weakening a pathogen CELLS OF INNATE CELLS OF THE ○ attenuation IMMUNE SYSTEM ADAPTIVE IMMUNE A historical practice of intentionally exposing individuals to a mild of Leukocytes in B cells and disease peripheral blood plasma cells ○ Vaccine Neutrophils T cells Type of immunity that is acquired by ○ bacterial ○ T-helper cell receiving antibodies from another infection (helps produce source rather than producing them Eosinophils antibodies) one one own ○ parasitic ○ Cytotoxic T cell ○ passive immunity infection (attacks Basophils viral-infected ○ hypersensiti cells) vity ○ T-regulatory Monocytes cells (controls ○ can actions of other recognize T cells) antigens; Natural killer differentiate cells s into a macrophag e Tissue cells Macrophage ○ performs phagocytosis / non specific Mast cells ○ responsible for allergic reactions; increases blood flow in affected area Dendritic cells ○ phagocytosis; resembles dendrites RECITATION QUESTION What is immunology? ○ study of response What is immunity give main function PAGE 4 INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY