Immunology and Serology (Lec) PDF

Immunology and Serology (Lec) MODULE 1: Historical Background of Immunology IMMUNOLOGY ANTIBODY - Study of a host’s reactions when foreign - Glycoproteins f...

Immunology and Serology (Lec) MODULE 1: Historical Background of Immunology IMMUNOLOGY ANTIBODY - Study of a host’s reactions when foreign - Glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the substances are introduced into the body. blood Subdivision of Immunology SEROLOGY Immunity - Study of serum and other bodily fluids to detect and Infectious Diseases Measure antibodies or antigens in the blood Hypersensitivity Autoimmunity HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Immunodeficiency THUCYDIDES/ THUKYDIDES IMMUNITY - 430 BC - Sum total of the defense mechanism of the human - Described the “Athenian plague”, “Plague of body to resist infectious disease Athens”, or “Attican Pest” during the Peloponnesian - Specific v. Non-specific War - Condition of being resistant to an infection - Created a detailed account on the identification of the disease INFECTIOUS DISEASES - Disorders caused by organisms CHINA Yi Mao - Use of clothes HYPERSENSITIVITY Gan Miao/Mao - Intradermal - Exaggerate or inappropriate immunologic response Shi Miao/Mao - Topical occurring in response to an antigen or allergen ○ wet (as lotion) and dry (as powder) preparation AUTO-IMMUNITY VARIOLATION - Aberration in the body’s normal development such - Method of immunizing patients against smallpox that the immune system mounts an attack against (variola virus) by infecting them with the substance its own cells from the pustules of patient with a mild form of the - Etiology: multifactorial (genetic, hormonal, and disease (variola minor) environmental factors) JOHAN CHRISTIAN FABRICIUS AND GIROLAMO IMMUNODEFICIENCY FABRIZIO (HIERONYMUS FABRICIUS) - Results from a failure or absence of elements of the - Bursa of Fabricius immune system including lymphocytes, found in avians (chicken, birds) phagocytes, and the complement system Antibody-generating organ IMMUNOGEN, ANTIGEN, AND ANTIBODY JOHANN CONRAD PEYER - First to identify follicular aggregates in the mucosa IMMUNOGEN of the small intestine (Peyer’s patches) - Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive - Peyer’s patches acts as first line of defense against immune response dietary antigens (lactose, caffeine, etc) - Produces antibodies BRUCE GLICK AND TIMOTHY CHANG ANTIGEN - Solidified bursa of fabricius - Any substance that can be specifically recognized - Reported that the BOF has a key role in antibody by the immune system prod - Antibody act is diminished in bursectomized “All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are chickens immunogens.” - Antibody producing cells developed within the For example, Virus, bacteria, parasite, yeast, fungi, bursa of fabricius pollen, dust, and nicotine are all foreign antigens Antibody producing cells in humans: but only virus, bacteria, parasite, yeast, and fungi b-lymphocyte are immunogens Irish Sabile 1 LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU Koch’s Postulates - Introduced variolation in England. 1. The microorganism or other pathogen must be - Variolation reduced the case fatality rate due to present in all cases of the disease. smallpox from 20 – 50% to 1 – 2% 2. The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. EDWARD JENNER 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause - 1798 the disease when inoculated into a healthy, - An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the susceptible laboratory animal. Variolae Vacciniae” 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new - Sarah Nelmes and James Phipps host and shown to be the same as the originally Sarah Nelmes = Milkmaid w cowpo inoculated pathogen. James Phipps = 8 yr old w smallpox - Variolae Vacciniae PAUL EHRLICH Where the word “vaccination” came from - Side Chain Theory VARIOLATION VACCINATION - Postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen - Inoculation with - utilized a milder smallpox pus/ scab diseases carrying LOUIS PASTEUR from patients (usually same immunities (cow - 1880 pus from a light case pox) - “Father of Immunology” of smallpox) - Intradermal, - Germ Theory of Disease - Intradermal and (intramuscular, oral, - Solidified the significance of attenuation in inhalation etc) immunology - Vaccines against chicken cholera, anthrax, and THEODORE SCHWANN rabies - Schwann was one of the first to contribute to the germ theory of alcoholic fermentation ELIE METCHNIKOFF OR ILYA ILICH MECHNIKO - Putrefaction – microbes cause the decaying - Cellular (phagocytic) Theory of Immunity process or rotting - Observed amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign - Fermentation – breakdown of carbohydrate into bodies simpler sugars, producing alcohol PIERRE-PAUL-ÉMILE ROUX AND ALEXANDRE FRIEDRICH GUSTAV JAKOB HENLE YERSIN - “On Miasmas and Contagions and on the - 1888 Miasmatic-Contagious Diseases” - Contributed in the identification of the toxin causing - Microorganism theory of contagion the signs and symptoms of diptheria (Diptheria bacillus) ERNST HAECKEL - First to observe the process of phagocytosis GEORGE HENRY FALKINER NUTTALL - Blood chemistry: Life under aseptic conditions ELLIE METCHNIKOFF or ILYA ILICH MECHNIKO - Immunity associated with blood (defibrinated blood - Cellular (phagocytic) Theory of Immunity: observed had bactericidal effects) amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign bodies EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING AND KITASATO JOSEPH LISTER SHIBASABURO - Founder of Aseptic Medicine - Serum Therapy - Carbolic Acid and Phenol - Antibody activity against toxins (antitoxins) - Serum from immunized horses as a form of cure or ROBERT KOCH to prevent diphtheria. - “Father of Modern Bacteriology” - Discovered the causative agents for tuberculosis, WILLIAM COLEY cholera, and anthrax - “Father of ___________” - First demonstration that microbes can cause - The immune system could be stimulated to fight disease and ultimately shrink a tumor - Discovered the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) - Coley’s Toxin reaction IS Lec M1 2 RICHARD FRIEDRICH JOHANNES PFEIFFER From Greek “allos” meaning “other” and “ergon” - Lauded for his work on the phenomenon of meaning “work”. ___________ - Developed a diphtheria susceptibility test, Schick - Pfieffer Phenomenon or Isayev-Pfeiffer test. Phenomenon Immunized guinea pigs had no ill effects after CARL PRAUSNITZ-GILES & HEINZ KÜSTNER being injected with live cholera bacteria - Cutaneous allergic reactions Immune plasma = motionless and lysed - Reagin (IgE antibodies) bacterial cells PRAUSNITZ–KÜSTNER TEST JULES BORDET - Determine if a patient has an allergic reaction to a - Known for this work on antimicrobial sera, “Alexine specific antigen of Buchner”, complement, and “Substance - Positive = Wheal and flare Sensibilatrice”, antibodies - ___________ : SIR ALEXANDER FLEMMING 1st: Alexine of Buchner = Lytic Activity - Credited for his discovery of lysozyme (tissue and 2nd: Substance Sensibilatrice = Sensitization secretions) and penicillin (Penicillium rubens or Penicillium chrysogenum). KARL LANDSTEINER - Classified human blood into groups, A, B, AB, and PROF. JOHN MARRACK O (ABO blood group system). - Described the lattice formation of antigen-antibody - ___________ = “to fasten” complexes. - Proposed that antigens are multivalent and ALEXANDER WIENER antibodies are bivalent. - Together with Landsteiner, discovered ___________. JULES FREUND - Credited for developing a technique in enhancing PAUL JULES PORTIER AND CHARLES ROBERT immune responses using adjuvants (Freund’s RICHET adjuvant). - Discovered that toxins produced by cnidarians (i.e. - Adjuvant Portuguese Man o’ War and Actinia sp.) can induce From the Latin word “adiuvare” meaning “to fatal shocks (anaphylaxis). help” Used to increase the efficacy or potency of SIR ALMWORTH EDWARD WRIGHT certain drugs. - Credited for his work in advancing vaccination through autogenous or autologous vaccines and SIR PETER MEDAWAR anti-typhoid immunization. - Father Transplantation or Transplant Medicine” - Vaccines for enteric tuberculosis and pneumonia - Commended for this work on allograft rejection - Contributed in the study of ___________. (skin grafts) during WWII. NICOLAS MAURICE ARTHUS MERRILL CHASE - Discovered a type of local type III hypersensitivity - Discovered the second leg of the immune system, reaction, ___________. cellular mediated immunity. - Horse serum injected subcutaneously into rabbits - Disproving that antibodies alone defended the body from disease causing entities CLEMENS PETER FREIHERR VON PIRQUET (BARON VON PIRQUET) GEORGE SNELL, - Observed that the second injection (horse serum or JEAN-BAPTISTE-GABRIEL-JOACHIM DAUSSET, smallpox vaccine) has quicker and severe AND BARUJ BENACERRAF reactions. - Commended for their work and study of major - Collection of symptoms from the injections was histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), particularly termed as “serum sickness”. the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in - Symptoms = antibody formation humans. BÉLA SCHICK - Together with von Pirquet, coined the term “allergy”. Caused by allergens IS Lec M1 3 ASTRID ELSA FAGRAEUS-WALLBOM GEORGES KOHLER AND CÉSAR MILSTEIN - Her dissertation, “Antibody Production in relation to - Together with Dr. Jerne, they were awarded the the Development of Plasma Cells”, proved that Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work plasma cells produce antibodies (IgG). the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies. JAMES RILEY AND GEOFFREY WEST - Both identified that histamine is produced by mast TONEGAWA SUSUMU cells - Credited for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity BRUCE GLICK AND TIMOTHY CHANG - Genes govern the production of proteins - Reported that the Bursa of Fabricius has a key role (antibodies), how does 6,000 to 100,000 genes in in antibody production the body produce hundreds of millions of - Antibody activity is diminished in bursectomized antibodies? chickens. - Antibody producing cells developed within the ELVIN ABRAHAM KABAT Bursa of Fabricius. - Under the supervision of Michael Heidelberger, he studied embryonic-state-specific antigens and NIELS JERNE markers of white blood cells. - He is known for three (3) theories that challenged - Primarily credited for discovering the structural and views on the development of antibodies. genetic basis for the specificity of antibodies. - Theory of Natural Selection (Theory 1) - Proved that antibodies are gamma globulins “All antibodies are formed during fetal development...” 1949 - Polio vaccine (Salk and Sabin) - Second Theory 1951 - Vaccine against yellow fever (Walter Reed) Sought to explain how the immune system 1986 - Hepatitis B vaccine by genetic engineering distinguishes “self” from non-self” 1996 - 1998 - Toll-like receptors Cellular “learning” takes place in the thymus 2005 - Human papillomavirus vaccine (Ian Frazer) Lymphocytes to self-antigens = Suppressed Lymphocytes to non-self antigens = Further MAX VON GRUBER AND HERBERT DURHAM develop and multiply - Discovered agglutination reactions - Network Theory (Theory 3) - Specific antibodies adhere to specific antigens His position is that an antibody can bind to the antigen-specific variable region of another GEORGES-FERNAND WIDAL antibody and elicit production of anti- - Discovered the agglutination test for typhoid fever antibodies. using Salmonella sp. somatic and flagellar antigens “...cascade broadens the diversity of the antibody population...” RUDOLF KRAUS - Discovered precipitation reactions (1897) SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET - Reaction between soluble antigen and antibodies - Discovered acquired immunological tolerance, the - Now called precipitin reactions founding principle of tissue transplant, which landed him a Nobel Prize in 1960. HANS ZINSSER - Clonal Selection Theory - Contrast between delayed and immediate hypersensitivity ALICK ISAACS AND JEAN LINDENMANN - Co-discovered interferon through their research at GASTON RAMON the National Institute of Medical Research, London, - Bacterial toxins detoxified with formalin UK - Diphtheria = Anatoxins/ toxoids JACQUES FRANCIS ALBERT PIERRE MILLER - Credited for this discovery of the function of the thymus and the identification of two (2) subsets of Thx Justin ^_^ lymphocytes (T and B cells) in mammals. GERALD EDELMAN AND RODNEY PORTER - Discovered the chemical structure of antibodies IS Lec M1 4