Immunology & Serology PDF

Immunology & Serology🟣Ma’am Egtapen IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY HAPTEN IMMUNOLOGY A low molecular weight, a nonantigenic substance that,...

Immunology & Serology🟣Ma’am Egtapen IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY HAPTEN IMMUNOLOGY A low molecular weight, a nonantigenic substance that, when combined with an antigen, changes the antigenic defined as resistance to disease, specifically infectious specificity of that antigen disease An incomplete antigen; Needs a carrier molecule The study of the production of antibodies against a Example: specific disease – Poison Ivy ○ Presence of Catechol SEROLOGY ○ Once our skin comes in contact with Examination of blood serum Catechol this can lead to skin irritation ○ Serum- because of the presence of antibodies ANTIBODY glycoprotein substance (immunoglobin) that is produced DEFINITION OF TERMS by B lymphocytes in response to an antigen CROSS IMMUNITY (immunogen) the phenomenon in which exposure to one infectious agent produces protection against another agent MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (REAGENT ANTIBODIES) Concept applied when it comes to viruses Derived from a single B-cell clone and are produced as a Example: single class of immunoglobulin with specificity unique to – Smallpox vaccination- from cowpox virus the antigenic stimulus Discovered by Edward Jenner In producing monoclonal antibodies, a mice is used. - From maid milking cows ANTIGEN POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES Has the ability to bind to an antibody Produced as different classes of immunoglobulins by many B-cell clones in response to an antigen Rabbits are used to produce polyclonal antibodies. ○ But for large antibodies horses and goats are used HETEROANTIBODIES/XENOANTIBODIES Antibodies produced in response to antigens from another species Foreignness- the more different/foreign the Ag the greater the immune response produced Example ○ Human to mice ○ Pigs heart (Hetero Ag) to human (Hetero Ab/ Xeno Ab) IMMUNOGEN Any substance capable of inducing an immune response ALLOANTIBODIES Can bind to antibodies and trigger immune response formed in response to antigens from individuals of the – Results of production of antibodies same species Example: ○ Human to human Blood transfusion Human A (with K Ag) ; Human B (w/o K Ag) - when the blood of human A is transfused to human B the K Ag will serve as an alloantibody which will also be produced by human B AUTOANTIBODIES produced by the body’s immune system against “self” antigens Concept of autoimmune disorder Example: ○ Systemic Lupus Erythematosus EPITOPE Ag determinant site part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody or T-cell receptor Paratope ○ Ab determinant site Immunology & Serology🟣Ma’am Egtapen ○ Yersinia pestis (rats) PRECIPITATION 1500s The clumping of soluble antigen by antibodies specific Variolation for the antigens ○ Chinese developed a practice of inhaling AGGLUTINATION powder made from smallpox the clumping of particulate antigens by antibodies ○ Lady Montagu specific for the antigens powdered smallpox “crusts” were RBC (particulate Ag) + Ab= Hemagglutination inserted with a pin into the skin 1700s AFFINITY Edward Jenner is the tendency of an epitope to combine with the ○ discovered a remarkable relationship between antigen-binding site on an antibody molecule. exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox Single reaction of an Ag and an Ab ○ Introduced the concept of vaccination from vacca, the Latin word for “cow” the procedure of injecting cellular AVIDITY material strength of the bond between the antigen and the antibody. The sum of all interactions combined Stronger reaction Many affinity= AVIDITY SENSITIVITY the smallest amount of antigen or antibody that can be detected. Very useful in choosing machine ○ It can detect the smallest concentration SPECIFICITY ability of an antibody to bind to an antigen with 1885 complementary determinants and not to an antigen with Louis Pasteur dissimilar determinants ○ Father of Immunology ○ Discovered Anthrax and Rabies vaccine COMPLEMENT Attenuation group of proteins synthesized in mononuclear ○ to make a pathogen less virulent through heat, phagocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and some aging, or chemical means endothelial cells. ○ Weaken the Ag present part of the humoral mediated immune response ○ Substances present for immunity Robert Koch ○ identified Anthrax and created Koch's postulate ○ Koch bacilli- Mycobacterium tuberculosis ANAPHYLATOXINS ○ Koch's postulate- conditions that must be a small peptide formed during complement activation satisfied before accepting that a particular that causes increased vascular permeability, contraction bacteria can cause a particular disease of smooth muscle, and release of histamine from basophils and mast cells Product of complement activation 1854-1915 ○ C3a, C4a C5a Paul Ehrlich ○ proposed the antibody formation theory ANAPHYLAXIS a life-threatening response to an allergen characterized 1854-1917 by the systematic release of histamine Allergic reaction- localized infection Emil von Behring ○ Humoral theory of immunity Ellie Metchikoff HISTORY/FOUNDATION OF IMMUNOLOGY ○ proposed the cellular theory of immunity, cell-eating, and phagocytosis 430 BC LIST OF SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY Thucydides ○ Wrote the concept of immunity Date Scientist/s Discovery Black death/ Bubonic plague Immunology & Serology 🟣Ma’am Egtapen 1978 Jenner Smallpox vaccination 1986 Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine 1862 Haeckel Phagocytosis 1986 Mosmann Th1 versus Th2 model of T 1880-1881 Pasteur Live, attenuated chicken helper cell function cholera and anthrax vaccines 1987 Susumu Tonegawa Gene rearrangement in 1883-1905 Metchnikoff Cellular theory and immunity antibody production through phagocytosis 1996-1998 Identification of toll-like 1885 Pasteur Therapeutic vaccination; First receptors report of live “attenuated” vaccine for Rabies 2001 FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development 1890 Von Behring, Humoral theory of immunity Kitasata proposed 2005 Development of human papillomavirus vaccine 1891 Koch Demonstration of cutaneous hypersensitivity 1900 Ehrlich Antibody formation theory 1902 Portier, Richet Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis 1903 Arthus Arthus reaction of immediate hypersensitivity 1938 Marrack Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding 1944 Hypothesis of allograft injection 1949 Salk, Sabin Development of polio vaccine 1951 Reed Vaccine against yellow fever 1953 Graft-versus-host reaction 1957 Burnet Clonal selection theory 1957 Interferon 1957 Daniel Bovet Antihistamines 1958-1962 HLA’s 1964-1968 T cell and B cell cooperation in immune response 1972 Identification of antibody molecule 1972 Rodney R. Porter, Chemical structure of Gerald M. Edelman antibodies 1975 Kohler First monoclonal antibodies 1977 Rosalyn R. Yalow Development of radioimmunoassay 1980 George Snell Major histocompatibility Jean Dausset complex Baruj Benacerraf 1984 Niels K. Jerne Immune regulatory theories 1985-1987 Identification of genes for T cell receptor